Exam 1 Flashcards
Trait vs Process Leadership
Trait:
-born
-assigned leadership (given the role)
Process:
-become
-emergent leadership (taking on the role ex group projects)
Conceptualizing leadership definition
Leadership is a process that involves influencing groups to achieve a common goal
what are the five different categories of power in leadership
-Legitimate -> position/role- teacher = in charge (assigned power)
-Reward-> ability to give rewards- verbal praise (assigned power)
-Coercive-> ability to punish- detention (assigned power)
-Expert-> having superior knowledge- already know what you teach (informational power)
-Referent-> perceived as caring- best interest of students (informational power) lots of trust involved
Leadership vs Management
Leadership:
produces change and movement
1. establishes direction
2. aligns people ex establish goals
3. motivated and inspires
Management:
produces order and consistency
1. planning and budgeting
2. organizing and staffing
3. controlling and problem solving
Leader vs Leadership
Single person vs organisation
Why cooperative games
enables us to experience the skills that good followers and leaders do:
in a mostly non-threatening mostly fun learning environment.
What are the 4 elements of a successful cooperative game
-communication
-trust
-collaboration
fun
4 types of co-operative games
-icebreakers/get acquainted/warm-ups
-initiative games
-tricks and variations
-trust
What is facilitation
“increased ease of performance of any action resulting from … the continued, successive application of the necessary stimulus”
What are the 4 P’s of facilitation
-purpose
-planning
-preparation
-presentation
What is the behavioural approach
-leaders are not born
-Leadership = matrix of two (2) orientations
1. TASK- get the job done
2. RELATIONSHIP- people
What is the 9,1 leader
Authority-Obedience (Dictatorial) Leader
-People are a commodity
-Dictates what and how to do things without concern for people
(not a bad thing- short term this can be very useful but long term followers may loose motivation cuz they aren’t addressed as people)
What is the 1,9 leader
“Country Club” (Accommodating) Leader
-Purpose is incidental
-Fostering good feelings gets primary attention
What is the 1,1 leader
Impoverished (Indifferent) Leader
-Minimal concern for either behaviour
-Purpose is unobtainable
(-little regard for people you work with
-disorganization
-disharmony
-main goal of this type of leader is to not get in trouble/get fired (does minimal effort)
What is the 5,5 leader
“Organization Man” (Status Quo)
-Leader “goes along to get a long”
-Results in conformity to the status quo
(-continual compromise
-not a whole lot gets done)
What is the 9,9 leader
Team (Sound) Leader
-Contribute and commit
-Seeks results through participation, commitment, and involvement
(-this is seen as the ‘best’ leadership style (especially in a management position)
What are some criticisms of the Blake and Mouton’s Grid (types of leaders 1,9…)
-No established link between styles and outcomes i.e. productivity
-Failed to find a universal style for effective leadership
-Implies without empirical support that high-high style is most effective
What is a paternalistic leader
-Jump between 1.9 and 9.1 (two opposite)
-Prescribe and guide
What is the contingency theories
leadership is based on the situation
Effectiveness of the group is contingent upon the relationship between:
- Leadership style (personality traits)
- Degree to which the situation enables the leader to exert influence
Is a leadership style stable or unstable
-style is stable and not easy to change
-either task or relationship oriented
Are high LPC leaders people or task oriented
People oriented
-Leader is able to have positive feelings toward a weak/nonproductive member.
Are low LPC leaders people or task oriented
Task oriented
-Leader is unable to rate LP member very high.
In the contingency theory what does Situational favorableness depends upon
-Leader-Member Relations – how well do followers and the leader get along
-Task Structure – how clearly are jobs specified
-Position-Power – the amount of legitimate, reward and coercive power
Do task oriented leaders (low LPC) do best in high, moderate or low favorable situations
do best in high favorable situations
(Screenshot on desk top)
Do people oriented leaders (high LPC) do best in high, moderate or low favorable situations
moderately favorable situations
(Screenshot on desk top)
According to Fiedler (contingency theory) what are the only 2 ways to improve leadership effectiveness
- Change leader’s personality (not actually possible)
- Modify degree to which situation is favorable
How can you modify a situation to make it more favorable
-The composition of the group (L-M rels.)
-Rules/procedures in the task situation (TS)
-What the leader can and can’t so (PP)
(this will allow for a more effective leader)
What are the transactional and transformational theories
-transactional ->relies of rewards/punishments
-transformational-> build trust and respect through interactions and build more ‘want to do well for you’
-opposite can happen too -> deterioration of motivation due to increased interaction
-neither have really been tested in sports setting
What are antecedents
thing that are true or in place before (fixed characteristics)
-Situational characteristics
-leader characteristics
-member characteristics
what are the components of leader behavior
-required -> rules and regulations that leader has to follow
-actual -> what is observed
-preferred -> what they prefer to do and what participants prefer them to do
what are the 5 subscales of leader behavior
- Democratic
- Autocratic
- social support
- Positive feedback
- Training and Instruction
What are democratic and autocratic behaviors
Decision making styles
Democratic = democracy
Autocratic = 1 ruler
What are social support and positive feedback behaviours
Motivation
What are training and instruction behaviours
Direct instruction
Congruence in relation to performance
Unsuccessful (teams that didn’t make playoffs) Desired more democratic coaching behaviour and believed their coach to be too autocratic, desired more social support from coach, and more positive feedback
Congruence in relation to satisfaction
Difference between ACTUAL and PREFERRED Leader Behaviour in areas of:
Training and Instruction (Damon, 2009)
Positive feedback
Social support
What is the multidimensional model
3 categories with subcategories
-antecedents with situational characteristics, leader characteristics and member characteristics
-Leader behavior with required, actual and preferred
-consequences with performance and satisfaction
what is the difference between the multidimensional model and the mediation model
Core difference is mediation model specifies that coaches behaviours and its influence on athletes perceptions is in turn influenced by an athletes evaluative reactions (you interperet your coaches behaviours differently than your teammates) -> ex coach is getting really mad some would see it as wow why is coach so mad? Where others would see it as coach is trying to help us refocus cuz we are goofing off.
Coaching effectiveness model
Coaches’ behaviors has direct impact on athlete performance and indirect impact on athlete performance through their self perceptions, beliefs and attitudes. These intern impact athlete motivation and performance.
Social-Cognitive Theory
Personal – we are all different
Environmental context
Behavioural outcomes
What are the 6 leadership styles
Consultive
Participative
Coaching
Instructional
Supportive
Directive
What are the 3 most commonly used styles
Laissez-faire (1,1)
-Group formulates own policies “hands-off position”
-offer advise and materials
-no pressure toward achievement; passive attitude
Autocratic (9,1)
Chosen leader determines techniques, procedures and activities
Democratic (9,9)
-reacts as if member of the group
-group freely formulates
-gives objective, fair praise
What is task variability
Open vs Closed
-open (soccer- strategy is undetermined it depends on opponents, what teammates are doing, etc)
-closed (swimming predetermined strategy)
What is task dependence
interdependent (team sport) vs. independent (individual sport)
What did studies show about task variability
Studies all varied
What did studies show about task dependence
independent prefer more democratic than interdependent
If interdependent preferred more democratic are they successful
less successful
is autocratic most likely to be more effective in closed or open activities
closed
and democratic most likely effective in open
what styles are preferred for male and female
Female – interpersonal, democratic
Male – task-oriented, autocratic
