Exam 1 Flashcards
Children of Biblical Times
Children are seen to have little self-understanding and tend to misbehave, so they should be disciplined and punished to ensure they grow up well
- “discipline and punish”
Children of Ancient Greece
Kids are the future so they must be supported, behavior should be corrected but not fully directed so children genuinely learn
- “supervise and teach”
- Taught by a system like school, not parents
- 12th-9th century BCE
Children of Ancient Rome
Share views w/ Ancient Greece but focuses on male parent (head of house)
- “patriarchy and replenish”
- have more kids to replenish the earth
Medieval Children
Children are born innocent and are taught to misbehave, and they go from infancy to adulthood
- Once kids can walk, talk, and eat without help, infancy has ended
Renaissance-Tudor Children
At this point children are belittled, and seen as very forgetful, bad, untrustworthy people
- Education should occur in a formalized school
- New differences in money/class such as middle class
Children of New World
Start of American society
- Puritan: “instruction and guidance”
- Kids should have discipline and guidance/instruction
- You should behave how you want kids to
- Discipline kids when wrong
- Quaker: “age of reason”
- idea of moral development
- 4-8 is pre age of reason, after that is post age of reason and kids should know how to act
Children of the Republic
- Early 19th Century: parental authority and obedience from children, while also recognizing parents must show kids love/affection
- Kids have different behavior, so parenting styles should be different - Mid 19th Century: parents are responsible for how kids turn out therefore they should get help/info when raising kids
- Late 19th Century: unscientific ideas surrounding kids and morality
- different cultures and people view the way other parents raise their kids, and the way in which kids behave/grow up
Children of Science
Scientific information on how to raise kids
- Typically starts with the children of the scientists before moving to other subjects
Why did it take time for child psychology and research to become a field?
- Studying children isn’t important, instead established adult personalities were emphasized
- Focus was on experimental psych, but society wanted to shift focus to adolescent psych
- Field grew out of relevance
What field did developmental psychology grow out of?
Embryology which is the biological discipline of how we go from a single cell to a complex system in utero
- What happens within
Preformism
The idea that the head of the stem has the parts of a human being and the egg allows it to grow
- Everything is formed early and simply grows
- Homunculus: head of sperm containing human parts
Biogenetic Laws
- Ontogeny
- Phylogeny
- Recapitulation
Ontogeny
The way development happens/what processes happen in growth
- Individual development
- Specific
Phylogeny
The way we evolved from one organism to the other
- Species development
- History
Recapitulation
There are links between individual and species development
- Mirror each other
William Preyer (Observation)
Natural research done by observing the environment\
- Done by multiple individuals to ensure agreement
- Detailed focus
- Unobtrusive to ensure natural behavior
Alfred Binet (Memory and Intelligence)
Measures peoples abilities to see what they cognitively do
- Mainly focus on children/adolescents
- Wanted to see change
G. Stanley Hall (Questionnaire Method)
Asks people about thoughts, behavior, etc. through self-reflection
- recapitulation, not embryos but with lifespan
- credited as father of American Adolescent Psychology
Developmental Theories
Theories of general behavior and how we go through human developlment
Developmental Psychopathology
How do psychological disorders develop?
- Freud
- Developmental model
- Normal/abnormal development
Contributions to Developmental Psychology: Middle Period
1913-1940’s
Specific Areas Looking at Development
- Mental testing
- Physical growth
- Language
- Moral development (emphasis on right/wrong, how to raise good moral kids)
Longitudinal Methods
- Look in at one point and keep checking in thru development to study change
Contributions to Developmental Psychology: Modern Era
1950s-on
Attachment Theory
- Quality of the relation with a caregiver and how it influences development
- Increase in socioemotional development
Information Processing Approach
- New perspective that cognition = computer
- Memory from infant -> child -> adult
Self-Report
Response based on own ideas, thoughts, actions, etc.
- Think less about appropriateness when surveying adults as diff ages require diff phrasing
Others’ Report
Ask others about the behavior of an individual
- Parents, peers, teachers, etc.
Naturalistic Observation
Observing something in its natural environment
Issues in Developmental Data Collection
Consent
- Complex to get consent as children can’t give informed consent, therefore they must get the consent of parents and give their assent
- Child assent = form of consent
School Based
- Approval process such as site approval must be given for data collection
- Administrators must approve
Contrived Observation
Manipulate something to check results/create something to observe
Descriptive Design
Looking at one thing
- ex: general population rates (adopted vs. not adopted)
Correlational Design
How is x related to y, or how does x change as y changes
- Study both variables
- ex: personality variable (anxious and bullied)
Experimental Design
Manipulation of a variable
- Cannot ethically control certain things
Time-Span Design
Goal is to find age/developmental effects
Age/Developmental Effects
Does relationship change based on age group
- Time effect on outcome
Cohort Effects
Similar to age effect but impacted by different factors
Time of Measurement Effects
Based on what is socially/politically/historically happening in world
Cross-Sectional Design
Multiple cohorts with different ages, data is collected all at once
- Pros: collect data quick on a large age range
- Cons: very high potential for cohort effects, just developmental trend rather than info on differences, no individual development
Longitudinal Design
Repeated observation of the same group through an extended period of time
- Pros: allows individual development
- Cons: time of measurement effect, slow and costly, participant could move/be absent
Sequential Design
Mix of cross-sectional and longitudinal, takes several cohorts and tracks through time
- Pros: analyzes age changes and variations, separates impact of cohort experiences
- Cons: complex, expensive, time-consuming
Twin Studies
Monozygotic Twins
- One zygote that split, genetically identical/similar personalities
Dizygotic Twins
- Two diff ovum+sperm, planted + birthed at same time
- Not genetically identical
Genetic v. Environmental Influence
- Nature vs. Nurture
Ethnography (Qualitative Research)
In-depth study of a cultural group
- Not always geographical
- Focuses on a specific culture
- Focus on what they look like, customs, conventions, what they are like, etc.
Case Study (Qualitative Research)
In-depth study of person/small group
- Out of ordinary case
- Not often but helps gain insight surrounding something rare
Hobbes/Christianity
Idea of sin, children enter world evil/immoral
John Locke
Children are born good/helpful/prosocial
- Structure creates evil
- Society strays us
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Not born good or evil, we have no will to power
Five Theories of Development
- Passive v. Active Development
- Continuous v. Discontinuos
- Quantitative v. Qualitative Change
- Universal v. Particularistic
- Nature v. Nurture
Passive v. Active Development
We are passive in development vs. we participate in development
Continuous v. Discontinuos
No change noticed until big difference vs. things change rapidly then plateau until next time period change
Quantitative v. Qualitative Change
Numeric vs. not numeric
Universal v. Particularistic
Applies to everyone vs. a specific environment/factor influenced development
Nature v. Nurture
Things set by biology vs. how people/family set behavior
New Sixth Debate: Parents vs. Peers
Peers have a large influence and parents are starting to have less
- Judith Ruch Harris
Behaviorism
- Passive role in development
- Learn from direction of environment rather than authority/school
- Behavior comes from training
- Influenced by Locke
- Includes Classical/Operant Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Pairing previously unpaired stimuli
Operant Conditioning
Based on rewards/punishment
Social Cognitive Theory
We learn through imitation
- Bandura’s Theory
- Observational learning
- Bobo doll study
Ecological Theory
Relationship between individual and environmental systems
- Urie Bronfenbenner’s Theory
- Includes Microsystem, Mesosystem, Ecosystem, Macrosystem, and Chronosystem
Microsystem (Ecological Theory)
Immediate, day-to-day environment
- ex. family, neighbors, peers