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cell biology > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the properties of living cells (7)

A

organization, metabolism(transform energy), homeostasis, self-replication, respond to environment, move independently, grow and develop

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2
Q

why are viruses not considered to be alive (5)

A

no cellular basis, dont grow, dont divide, do not metabolize, and do not move independently

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3
Q

what is the smallest unit of measure to largest

A

Angstroms 10^-10
nanometer 10^-9
micrometer 10^-6
millimeter 10^-3

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4
Q

what are the typical sizes of each domain

A

bacteria- 1-5 micrometers
arachaea- 1-5 micrometers
eukaryotes- 10-100 micrometers

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5
Q

modes of cell division for each domain

A

bacteria -binary fission
archaea- binary fission
eukaryotes- mitosis or meiosis plus cytokinesis

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6
Q

ribosome sizes for each domain

A

bacteria- 70S
archaea- 70S
eukaryotes- 80S

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7
Q

what is the size of the smallest cells

A

mycoplasmas - 150-400 nm

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8
Q

prokaryotic cells (archaea and bacteria) size

A

0.1-5 micrometers

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9
Q

what kind of chromosomes do prokaryotes have and where is it found

A

circular, nucleoid

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10
Q

eukaryotic cell size

A

10-100 micrometers average is 20 micrometers

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11
Q

what kind of chromosomes do eukaryotes have and where is it found

A

linear, nucleus

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12
Q

what cells sizes can you use with a light microscope

A

1mm to about 100 nm
paramecium, human egg, RBC, bacterium, large virus,

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13
Q

electron microscope what can you see

A

1mm to 0.1 nm
ribosomes, protein, amino acid, hydrogen atom

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14
Q

what does the nuclear envelope do

A

separates nucleoplasm form cytoplasm
- double membrane

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15
Q

DNA is what size

A

2nm wide x 400

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16
Q

what do nuclear pores do

A

channels that regulate passage through envelope

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17
Q

structure of ER

A

membrane sacs or tubes that extend throughout cytoplasm, connected to outer membrane of nuclear envelope

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18
Q

function of golgi apparatus

A

protein and lipids are chemically modified here, then sent elsewhere
receives material form endocytosis

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19
Q

structure of golgi apparatus

A

flattened membrane sacs, distinct from ER
formed by membrane vesicles coming form ER

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20
Q

What do lysosomes do

A

break down, digestive enzymes

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21
Q

what is all part of the endomembrane system

A

ER
nuclear envelope
golgi apparatus
endosomes
lysosomes

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22
Q

Ribosomes

A

protein synthesis=translate mRNA s to make polypeptides/proteins

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23
Q

80s vs 70s ribosomes

A

80s=eukaryotic ribosomes
70s=prokaryotic ribosomes

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24
Q

mitochondria and chloroplast ribosomes

A

own DNA and own ribosomes but will find 70s ribosomes
used to be prokaryotes

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25
Q

microbodies in plants

A

small membrane bound organelles that carry out some oxidative reactions in cells

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26
Q

peroxisomes in microbodies

A

make H2O2 as product of oxidative reaction, then detoxify it with catalase

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27
Q

glyoxysomes in microbodies

A

convert oils to sucrose (blood sugar) in some plant cells

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28
Q

mitochondria size

A

0.5x2 micrometers (small)
3x10 micrometers (large)
but constantly changing

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29
Q

main function of mitochondria

A

OXIDIZE organic molecules to release energy for the rest of the cell

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30
Q

cytoskeleton

A

protein filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm. provide support, structure and movement

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31
Q

chloroplasts

A

one of several types of plastids found in plants and photosynthetic protists.

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32
Q

size of chloroplasts

A

2x5micrometers (small)
4x10 micrometers (large)

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33
Q

endosymbiosis

A

plastid origin from ancestral photosynthetic cyanobacteria

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34
Q

plasma membrane

A

separates internal and external environments. maintains homeostasis.

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35
Q

size of membranes

A

7.5 nanometers thick

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36
Q

membrane head and tails

A

head- hydrophillic
tails- hydrophobic

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37
Q

carbohydrates function energy storage

A

chemically REDUCED molecules

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38
Q

carbohydrate function communication

A

receptors and recognition sites on cell surface

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39
Q

carbohydrate function adhesion

A

carbohydrates on cell surface help cells adhere to each other, to surfaces, to extracellular matrix

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40
Q

carbohydrate structure

A

3-7 carbons per chain
-OH on all C but one, which has a double bonded oxygen

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41
Q

aldehyde versus ketone
monosaccharides

A

aldehyde - c=o-H
ketones- c=o

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42
Q

glucose versus ribose

A

glucose- H and OH on bottom- 6 carbons
Ribose- OH and OH on bottom-5-carbons

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43
Q

carbohydrate monomers

A

monosaccharides with 5 or more carbons may exist as linear chain or as 5 or 6 membered ring

44
Q

pyranose versus furanose

A

pyranose- 6 membered ring -beta
furanose- 5 membered ring, OH instead of H on bottom

45
Q

different arrangements of ____ and carbonyl can cause dramatic differences in ___ properties

A

hydroxyl, chemical

46
Q

carbohydrate structure- polymers

A

glycosidic bond which is formed by dehydration synthesis between reactive carbonyl of one monomer and any carbon on another sugar

47
Q

glycosidic bond connected by

A

oxygen

48
Q

glycosidic bond formation

A

dehydration synthesis connects carbonyl C of one sugar monomer to hydroxyl on another molecule

49
Q

monomers that form polymers- how do they link?

A

link in ring form

50
Q

why can some people not digest lactose?

A

because some people do not have the digestive enzymes. different galactoside enzymes needed to break down lactose vs raffinose

51
Q

why does branching matter

A

solubility- packing things tightly, cell surface

52
Q

polymers allow what

A

branching of polysaccharide chains to occur

53
Q

structure of extracellular matrix

A

cross linking, both covalent and H bonding among adjacent strand of polysaccharides
makes them strong

54
Q

what is an example of the extracellular matrix being strong

A

tensile strength of plant cell walls is stronger than steel

55
Q

polarity of highly branched polysaccharides can make them very

A

hygroscopic
ecm in animals can be spongy cushions

56
Q

carbs are reduced or oxidized

A

highly reduced, store energy. in chemical form

57
Q

is photosynthesis reduced or oxidized

A

reduction reaction

58
Q

where would you find the lipid structure

A

cellular membranes

59
Q

energy storage of lipids

A

fats and oils

60
Q

are lipids oxidized or reduced

A

highly reduced and nonpolar

61
Q

what are examples of amphipathic lipids

A

diacylglycerols, sterols, sphingolipids

62
Q

cell surface of lipids function

A

parts of recognition, receptor sites

63
Q

hormones in lipids function

A

signaling molecules, many plant hormones

64
Q

phermones in lipids function

A

inter-organismal communication

65
Q

lipids structure

A

all begin with hydrocarbons which are nonpolar

66
Q

what are the 2 main types of hydrocarbon chains in lipids

A

fatty acids and isoprene

67
Q

what makes a structure a lipid

A

COOH

68
Q

what is cis vs trans in unsaturated bonds

A

cis- same side hydrogens on double bonded carbons
trans- hydrogen on opposite side of double bonded carbon

69
Q

the more saturated something is the more __ at room temp

A

solid

70
Q

what is a sphingolipid

A

amino group with 1 or 2 fatty acids

71
Q

what is a diacylglycerol

A

glycerol plus 2 fatty acids - membrane former- head and tail

72
Q

hydrocarbon chain is a

A

isoprene

73
Q

steroids vs sterol

A

sterol if steroid has hydroxyl

74
Q

isoprenoid lipids structure

A

only hydrocarbon is nonpolar
ring forming

75
Q

what is a steroid classified as

A

isoprenoid lipid

76
Q

function of nucleic acids

A

information carriers
DNA- stores
RNA-transmits
genetic info

77
Q

structure of nucleic acids

A

ribosomes

78
Q

what is another function of nucleic acids

A

regulation of gene expression

79
Q

what are the subunits of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

80
Q

what is nucleotides function

A

transport energy, including electrons
transports ATP,NADH

81
Q

what do nucleotides coenzymes do

A

carry molecules to and from enzyme reactions

82
Q

what do nucleotides do in the regulation of cell processes

A

cyclic AMP (nucleotide) are second messengers in some signal transduction cascades

83
Q

how are nucleotides attached

A

covalently

84
Q

in nucleotides how could you tell if its a ribose sugar or deoxyribose

A

ribose - 2 OH on the bottom of the sugar

85
Q

structure of purines vs pyrimidines

A

purines have 2 rings

86
Q

how are nucleotides attached to make a polymer (nucleic acid)

A

via the phosphate

87
Q

where would a new nucleotide be added in the polymer

A

3’ end

88
Q

what holds the double helix together

A

hydrogen bonds

89
Q

DNA vs RNA structure

A

dna- antiparallel strands - 2 nucleic acid polymers
rna- 1 nucleic acid polymer- may fold back on itself to form double helical regions

90
Q

in base pairing which 2 are held more tightly

A

G and C because they have 3 hydrogen bonds

91
Q

how long is a water molecule

A

0.126 nm

92
Q

every type of cell has a cell wall except

A

animal cells

93
Q

what do all cells have in common

A

plasma membrane

94
Q

why is it incorrect to say that mitochondria create energy

A

because it doesnt create energy, it transforms energy into something the cells can use

95
Q

what is a sterols main function

A

membrane formers

96
Q

steroids main function

A

cell signaling because of hormones

97
Q

sphingolipids main function

A

membrane formers because they do have a polar head group

98
Q

why are triacylglycerols used for energy storage

A

lots of bonds, nonpolar

99
Q

when thinking of cellular reactions what molecules would being transferred in terms on energy

A

NADH and ATP

100
Q

what is an example of an exergonic reaction

A

hydrolysis of ATP or oxidation of glucose

101
Q

how do enzymes and catalysts affect biochemical reactions

A

they lower the activation energy

102
Q

what is activation energy in biochemical reactions

A

energy required ot break bonds of reactants

103
Q

what allows carbohydrates to have such diverse structures and functions

A

variety of possible glycosidic bonds

104
Q

what carbohydrate structure is most likely to be involved in cell to cell communication

A

glycoproteins

105
Q

key difference between aldose and ketose sugars

A

position of carbonyl group

106
Q

Describe how branching in polysaccharides like glycogen and starch impacts their structure and function.

A

Branching increases the compactness of polysaccharides, allowing for efficient energy storage.

107
Q

oxidation versus reduction in terms of endergonic and exergonic

A

oxidation=exergonic
reduction=endergonic

cell biology (2 decks)

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