exam 1

Question 1

what are the properties of living cells (7)

Answer 1

organization, metabolism(transform energy), homeostasis, self-replication, respond to environment, move independently, grow and develop

Question 2

why are viruses not considered to be alive (5)

Answer 2

no cellular basis, dont grow, dont divide, do not metabolize, and do not move independently

Question 3

what is the smallest unit of measure to largest

Answer 3

Angstroms 10^-10
nanometer 10^-9
micrometer 10^-6
millimeter 10^-3

Question 4

what are the typical sizes of each domain

Answer 4

bacteria- 1-5 micrometers
arachaea- 1-5 micrometers
eukaryotes- 10-100 micrometers

Question 5

modes of cell division for each domain

Answer 5

bacteria -binary fission
archaea- binary fission
eukaryotes- mitosis or meiosis plus cytokinesis

Question 6

ribosome sizes for each domain

Answer 6

bacteria- 70S
archaea- 70S
eukaryotes- 80S

Question 7

what is the size of the smallest cells

Answer 7

mycoplasmas - 150-400 nm

Question 8

prokaryotic cells (archaea and bacteria) size

Answer 8

0.1-5 micrometers

Question 9

what kind of chromosomes do prokaryotes have and where is it found

Answer 9

circular, nucleoid

Question 10

eukaryotic cell size

Answer 10

10-100 micrometers average is 20 micrometers

Question 11

what kind of chromosomes do eukaryotes have and where is it found

Answer 11

linear, nucleus

Question 12

what cells sizes can you use with a light microscope

Answer 12

1mm to about 100 nm
paramecium, human egg, RBC, bacterium, large virus,

Question 13

electron microscope what can you see

Answer 13

1mm to 0.1 nm
ribosomes, protein, amino acid, hydrogen atom

Question 14

what does the nuclear envelope do

Answer 14

separates nucleoplasm form cytoplasm
- double membrane

Question 15

DNA is what size

Answer 15

2nm wide x 400

Question 16

what do nuclear pores do

Answer 16

channels that regulate passage through envelope

Question 17

structure of ER

Answer 17

membrane sacs or tubes that extend throughout cytoplasm, connected to outer membrane of nuclear envelope

Question 18

function of golgi apparatus

Answer 18

protein and lipids are chemically modified here, then sent elsewhere
receives material form endocytosis

Question 19

structure of golgi apparatus

Answer 19

flattened membrane sacs, distinct from ER
formed by membrane vesicles coming form ER

Question 20

What do lysosomes do

Answer 20

break down, digestive enzymes

Question 21

what is all part of the endomembrane system

Answer 21

ER
nuclear envelope
golgi apparatus
endosomes
lysosomes

Question 22

Ribosomes

Answer 22

protein synthesis=translate mRNA s to make polypeptides/proteins

Question 23

80s vs 70s ribosomes

Answer 23

80s=eukaryotic ribosomes
70s=prokaryotic ribosomes

Question 24

mitochondria and chloroplast ribosomes

Answer 24

own DNA and own ribosomes but will find 70s ribosomes
used to be prokaryotes

Question 25

microbodies in plants

Answer 25

small membrane bound organelles that carry out some oxidative reactions in cells

Question 26

peroxisomes in microbodies

Answer 26

make H2O2 as product of oxidative reaction, then detoxify it with catalase

Question 27

glyoxysomes in microbodies

Answer 27

convert oils to sucrose (blood sugar) in some plant cells

Question 28

mitochondria size

Answer 28

0.5x2 micrometers (small) 3x10 micrometers (large) but constantly changing

Question 29

main function of mitochondria

Answer 29

OXIDIZE organic molecules to release energy for the rest of the cell

Question 30

cytoskeleton

Answer 30

protein filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm. provide support, structure and movement

Question 31

chloroplasts

Answer 31

one of several types of plastids found in plants and photosynthetic protists.

Question 32

size of chloroplasts

Answer 32

2x5micrometers (small) 4x10 micrometers (large)

Question 33

endosymbiosis

Answer 33

plastid origin from ancestral photosynthetic cyanobacteria

Question 34

plasma membrane

Answer 34

separates internal and external environments. maintains homeostasis.

Question 35

size of membranes

Answer 35

7.5 nanometers thick

Question 36

membrane head and tails

Answer 36

head- hydrophillic tails- hydrophobic

Question 37

carbohydrates function energy storage

Answer 37

chemically REDUCED molecules

Question 38

carbohydrate function communication

Answer 38

receptors and recognition sites on cell surface

Question 39

carbohydrate function adhesion

Answer 39

carbohydrates on cell surface help cells adhere to each other, to surfaces, to extracellular matrix

Question 40

carbohydrate structure

Answer 40

3-7 carbons per chain -OH on all C but one, which has a double bonded oxygen

Question 41

aldehyde versus ketone monosaccharides

Answer 41

aldehyde - c=o-H ketones- c=o

Question 42

glucose versus ribose

Answer 42

glucose- H and OH on bottom- 6 carbons Ribose- OH and OH on bottom-5-carbons

Question 43

carbohydrate monomers

Answer 43

monosaccharides with 5 or more carbons may exist as linear chain or as 5 or 6 membered ring

Question 44

pyranose versus furanose

Answer 44

pyranose- 6 membered ring -beta furanose- 5 membered ring, OH instead of H on bottom

Question 45

different arrangements of ____ and carbonyl can cause dramatic differences in ___ properties

Answer 45

hydroxyl, chemical

Question 46

carbohydrate structure- polymers

Answer 46

glycosidic bond which is formed by dehydration synthesis between reactive carbonyl of one monomer and any carbon on another sugar

Question 47

glycosidic bond connected by

Answer 47

oxygen

Question 48

glycosidic bond formation

Answer 48

dehydration synthesis connects carbonyl C of one sugar monomer to hydroxyl on another molecule

Question 49

monomers that form polymers- how do they link?

Answer 49

link in ring form

Question 50

why can some people not digest lactose?

Answer 50

because some people do not have the digestive enzymes. different galactoside enzymes needed to break down lactose vs raffinose

Question 51

why does branching matter

Answer 51

solubility- packing things tightly, cell surface

Question 52

polymers allow what

Answer 52

branching of polysaccharide chains to occur

Question 53

structure of extracellular matrix

Answer 53

cross linking, both covalent and H bonding among adjacent strand of polysaccharides makes them strong

Question 54

what is an example of the extracellular matrix being strong

Answer 54

tensile strength of plant cell walls is stronger than steel

Question 55

polarity of highly branched polysaccharides can make them very

Answer 55

hygroscopic ecm in animals can be spongy cushions

Question 56

carbs are reduced or oxidized

Answer 56

highly reduced, store energy. in chemical form

Question 57

is photosynthesis reduced or oxidized

Answer 57

reduction reaction

Question 58

where would you find the lipid structure

Answer 58

cellular membranes

Question 59

energy storage of lipids

Answer 59

fats and oils

Question 60

are lipids oxidized or reduced

Answer 60

highly reduced and nonpolar

Question 61

what are examples of amphipathic lipids

Answer 61

diacylglycerols, sterols, sphingolipids

Question 62

cell surface of lipids function

Answer 62

parts of recognition, receptor sites

Question 63

hormones in lipids function

Answer 63

signaling molecules, many plant hormones

Question 64

phermones in lipids function

Answer 64

inter-organismal communication

Question 65

lipids structure

Answer 65

all begin with hydrocarbons which are nonpolar

Question 66

what are the 2 main types of hydrocarbon chains in lipids

Answer 66

fatty acids and isoprene

Question 67

what makes a structure a lipid

Answer 67

COOH

Question 68

what is cis vs trans in unsaturated bonds

Answer 68

cis- same side hydrogens on double bonded carbons trans- hydrogen on opposite side of double bonded carbon

Question 69

the more saturated something is the more __ at room temp

Answer 69

solid

Question 70

what is a sphingolipid

Answer 70

amino group with 1 or 2 fatty acids

Question 71

what is a diacylglycerol

Answer 71

glycerol plus 2 fatty acids - membrane former- head and tail

Question 72

hydrocarbon chain is a

Answer 72

isoprene

Question 73

steroids vs sterol

Answer 73

sterol if steroid has hydroxyl

Question 74

isoprenoid lipids structure

Answer 74

only hydrocarbon is nonpolar ring forming

Question 75

what is a steroid classified as

Answer 75

isoprenoid lipid

Question 76

function of nucleic acids

Answer 76

information carriers DNA- stores RNA-transmits genetic info

Question 77

structure of nucleic acids

Answer 77

ribosomes

Question 78

what is another function of nucleic acids

Answer 78

regulation of gene expression

Question 79

what are the subunits of nucleic acids

Answer 79

nucleotides

Question 80

what is nucleotides function

Answer 80

transport energy, including electrons transports ATP,NADH

Question 81

what do nucleotides coenzymes do

Answer 81

carry molecules to and from enzyme reactions

Question 82

what do nucleotides do in the regulation of cell processes

Answer 82

cyclic AMP (nucleotide) are second messengers in some signal transduction cascades

Question 83

how are nucleotides attached

Answer 83

covalently

Question 84

in nucleotides how could you tell if its a ribose sugar or deoxyribose

Answer 84

ribose - 2 OH on the bottom of the sugar

Question 85

structure of purines vs pyrimidines

Answer 85

purines have 2 rings

Question 86

how are nucleotides attached to make a polymer (nucleic acid)

Answer 86

via the phosphate

Question 87

where would a new nucleotide be added in the polymer

Answer 87

3' end

Question 88

what holds the double helix together

Answer 88

hydrogen bonds

Question 89

DNA vs RNA structure

Answer 89

dna- antiparallel strands - 2 nucleic acid polymers rna- 1 nucleic acid polymer- may fold back on itself to form double helical regions

Question 90

in base pairing which 2 are held more tightly

Answer 90

G and C because they have 3 hydrogen bonds

Question 91

how long is a water molecule

Answer 91

0.126 nm

Question 92

every type of cell has a cell wall except

Answer 92

animal cells

Question 93

what do all cells have in common

Answer 93

plasma membrane

Question 94

why is it incorrect to say that mitochondria create energy

Answer 94

because it doesnt create energy, it transforms energy into something the cells can use

Question 95

what is a sterols main function

Answer 95

membrane formers

Question 96

steroids main function

Answer 96

cell signaling because of hormones

Question 97

sphingolipids main function

Answer 97

membrane formers because they do have a polar head group

Question 98

why are triacylglycerols used for energy storage

Answer 98

lots of bonds, nonpolar

Question 99

when thinking of cellular reactions what molecules would being transferred in terms on energy

Answer 99

NADH and ATP

Question 100

what is an example of an exergonic reaction

Answer 100

hydrolysis of ATP or oxidation of glucose

Question 101

how do enzymes and catalysts affect biochemical reactions

Answer 101

they lower the activation energy

Question 102

what is activation energy in biochemical reactions

Answer 102

energy required ot break bonds of reactants

Question 103

what allows carbohydrates to have such diverse structures and functions

Answer 103

variety of possible glycosidic bonds

Question 104

what carbohydrate structure is most likely to be involved in cell to cell communication

Answer 104

glycoproteins

Question 105

key difference between aldose and ketose sugars

Answer 105

position of carbonyl group

Question 106

Describe how branching in polysaccharides like glycogen and starch impacts their structure and function.

Answer 106

Branching increases the compactness of polysaccharides, allowing for efficient energy storage.

Question 107

oxidation versus reduction in terms of endergonic and exergonic

Answer 107

oxidation=exergonic reduction=endergonic