how strongly an atom attracts electrons =0.5 = polar covalent bond

0 (very acidic), 7 (neutral), 14 (very basic) pH = 7 neutral [H+] = [OH-] pH [OH-] PH > 7 basic [H+] < [OH-]

Exam 1 Flashcards by Emily Que

What is the size order?

eukaryotic cells>prokaryotic cells>viruses>macromolecules>atoms

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What are atoms?

building blocks of life

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What is the structure of an atom?

nucleus - protons and neutrons
orbiting nucleus - electrons in orbitals

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What is an ion?

atoms or molecules with a net + or - electrical charge

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Ionic bonds

two oppositely charged ions associate
one atom gives up 1+ electrons to another atom
does NOT include partial charges

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Covalent bonds and types

when atoms share electrons; 2 types
1. nonpolar: electrons shared equally
2. polar: electrons shared unequally

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Electronegativity

how strongly an atom attracts electrons
<0.5 = nonpolar covalent bond
>=0.5 = polar covalent bond

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What are the important functions of water?

biochemical reactions require an aqueous environment
means of transport (ex. plant)
resistant to temp. change; acts as a temp. buffer in organisms and ecosystems

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What is the chemistry of water?

polar w/ two polar covalent bonds
can form hydrogen bonds
liquid at room temp. b/c water molecules hydrogen bond w/ each other

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What is a partial charge?

when there are 2 different electronegativities, the more electronegative atoms pull electrons closer

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hydrogen bond

attraction between 2 atoms already in other chemical bonds - one is a hydrogen (𝛿+) and the other is an electronegative atom (𝛿-)

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polar molecules

hydrophilic: water-loving

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non-polar molecules

hydrophobic: water-fearing
ex. lipids, fats

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amphipathic

molecules that are polar and nonpolar

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acid

donates protons (H+) so more acid, higher proton concentration

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base

accepts protons (H+) so more base, lower protein concentration

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pH scale

0 (very acidic), 7 (neutral), 14 (very basic)
pH = 7 neutral [H+] = [OH-]
pH < 7 acidic [H+] > [OH-]
PH > 7 basic [H+] < [OH-]

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What is the relationship between proton concentration and pH?

pH = -log[H+] so inverse
1 unit change in pH = 10 fold change in H+ concentration (ex. 5 to 7 is -100)
units: mol/L

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macromolecules

polymers

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polymers

large molecules of subunits called monomers; covalent bonds link monomers

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condensation reaction

link monomers together to form a polymer; water is taken out

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hydrolysis

break polymers back to monomers by breaking the covalent bonds; water is put in

carbohydrate (CH2O)n polymers

polymers: polysaccharides (ex. cellulose, starch, glycogen)

cellulose (definition, function, monomer, covalent bond, branching)

definition: polymer of β-glucose monomers held together by β-linkages
function: provides shape to plant cells
monomer: β-glucose
simple sugars
monosaccharides (ex. glucose, fructose)
covalent bond: β-linkages
branching: linear

starch (function, monomer, covalent bond, branching)

* function: energy storage molecules (stores α-glucose) in plants and later broken down for energy * monomer: α-glucose * covalent bond: α-linkages * branching: branched

glycogen (function, monomer, covalent bond, branching)

* function: energy storage molecules (stores α-glucose) in animals and later broken down for energy * monomer: α-glucose * covalent bond: α-linkages branching: highly branched

α-glucose

polymers: starch and glycogen monomers held together by α-linkages function: energy storage molecules

What are the functions of proteins? (5)

* enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) * signaling molecules (hormones/neurotransmitters) * signaling receptors (cell signaling) * movement (motor proteins) * structural (cytoskeletal proteins, ECM)

What is the structure of amino acids?

amino group, carboxylic acid group, R-group, central or α-carbon, and a hydrogen

What differentiates one amino acid from another?

R-group: 20 different R-groups

What is the covalent bond that links amino acids together?

peptide bonds

What is the structure of a protein?

amino-terminus, amino acids, peptide bonds, carboxy-terminus

What is the function of DNA?

stores genetic information

What is the function of RNA?

expresses genetic information

structure of nucleotides

5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, 5' phosphate group

DNA vs RNA nucleotide

DNA is H RNA is OH

covalent bonds between nucleotides

phosphodiester

RNA definition

polymer of RNA nucleotides and has 1 sugar-phosphate backbone 'single-stranded'

DNA definition

polymer of DNA nucleotides and has 2 sugar-phosphate backbones 'double-stranded'

What glues the 2 strands of DNA together?

Hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases

2 types of lipids

1. triglycerides 2. phospholipids

triglyceride definition

definition: a form of stored energy for plants and animals

triglyceride structure

monomers: * 1 glycerol (3-carbon molecule that's the backbone of triglycerides) * 3 fatty acids (a carboxylic acid group attached to a long hydrocarbon chain) held together by ester bonds

glycerol

3-carbon molecule that's the backbone of triglycerides

fatty acid

carboxylic acid group attached to a long hydrocarbon chain

ester bonds

bond a carboxylic acid group attached to an alcohol; hold together glycerol and fatty acid monomers

saturated fatty acid

all C-C bonds long, straight chains saturated with hydrogens pack well = solid (fats)

unsaturated fatty acid

C=C bonds - to be involved in the double bond, each carbon has to give up a hydrogen bends in fatty acid chain don't pack well = liquid (oils)

monounsaturated fatty acid

one C=C

polyunsaturated fatty acid

2 or more C=C

phospholipid definition

* definition: the primary component of plasma membranes

phospholipid monomers and bonds

a glycerol, 2 fatty acid chains, a phosphate group (same type of nucleotides) covalent bonds: ester bonds

property of phospholipid and why

amphipathic b/c polar hydrophilic head and nonpolar hydrophobic tail

structure phospholipids form in an aqueous solution

* phospholipid bilayer is formed * heads interact with aq environment outside the cell * heads interact with aq environment inside the cell

Exam 1 Flashcards

Lectures 2-6