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BIOL 110 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

Lectures 2-6

1
Q

What is the size order?

A

eukaryotic cells>prokaryotic cells>viruses>macromolecules>atoms

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2
Q

What are atoms?

A

building blocks of life

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3
Q

What is the structure of an atom?

A

nucleus - protons and neutrons
orbiting nucleus - electrons in orbitals

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4
Q

What is an ion?

A

atoms or molecules with a net + or - electrical charge

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5
Q

Ionic bonds

A

two oppositely charged ions associate
one atom gives up 1+ electrons to another atom
does NOT include partial charges

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6
Q

Covalent bonds and types

A

when atoms share electrons; 2 types
1. nonpolar: electrons shared equally
2. polar: electrons shared unequally

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7
Q

Electronegativity

A

how strongly an atom attracts electrons
<0.5 = nonpolar covalent bond
>=0.5 = polar covalent bond

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8
Q

What are the important functions of water?

A
  • biochemical reactions require an aqueous environment
  • means of transport (ex. plant)
  • resistant to temp. change; acts as a temp. buffer in organisms and ecosystems
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9
Q

What is the chemistry of water?

A
  • polar w/ two polar covalent bonds
  • can form hydrogen bonds
  • liquid at room temp. b/c water molecules hydrogen bond w/ each other
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10
Q

What is a partial charge?

A

when there are 2 different electronegativities, the more electronegative atoms pull electrons closer

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11
Q

hydrogen bond

A

attraction between 2 atoms already in other chemical bonds - one is a hydrogen (𝛿+) and the other is an electronegative atom (𝛿-)

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12
Q

polar molecules

A

hydrophilic: water-loving

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13
Q

non-polar molecules

A

hydrophobic: water-fearing
ex. lipids, fats

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14
Q

amphipathic

A

molecules that are polar and nonpolar

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15
Q

acid

A

donates protons (H+) so more acid, higher proton concentration

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16
Q

base

A

accepts protons (H+) so more base, lower protein concentration

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17
Q

pH scale

A

0 (very acidic), 7 (neutral), 14 (very basic)
pH = 7 neutral [H+] = [OH-]
pH < 7 acidic [H+] > [OH-]
PH > 7 basic [H+] < [OH-]

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18
Q

What is the relationship between proton concentration and pH?

A
  • pH = -log[H+] so inverse
  • 1 unit change in pH = 10 fold change in H+ concentration (ex. 5 to 7 is -100)
  • units: mol/L
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19
Q

macromolecules

A

polymers

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20
Q

polymers

A

large molecules of subunits called monomers; covalent bonds link monomers

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21
Q

condensation reaction

A

link monomers together to form a polymer; water is taken out

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22
Q

hydrolysis

A

break polymers back to monomers by breaking the covalent bonds; water is put in

23
Q

carbohydrate (CH2O)n polymers

A

polymers: polysaccharides (ex. cellulose, starch, glycogen)

24
Q

cellulose (definition, function, monomer, covalent bond, branching)

A
  • definition: polymer of β-glucose monomers held together by β-linkages
  • function: provides shape to plant cells
  • monomer: β-glucose
  • simple sugars
  • monosaccharides (ex. glucose, fructose)
  • covalent bond: β-linkages
  • branching: linear
25
Q

starch (function, monomer, covalent bond, branching)

A
  • function: energy storage molecules (stores α-glucose) in plants and later broken down for energy
  • monomer: α-glucose
  • covalent bond: α-linkages
  • branching: branched
26
Q

glycogen (function, monomer, covalent bond, branching)

A
  • function: energy storage molecules (stores α-glucose) in animals and later broken down for energy
  • monomer: α-glucose
  • covalent bond: α-linkages
    branching: highly branched
27
Q

α-glucose

A

polymers: starch and glycogen
monomers held together by α-linkages
function: energy storage molecules

28
Q

What are the functions of proteins? (5)

A
  • enzymes (speed up chemical reactions)
  • signaling molecules (hormones/neurotransmitters)
  • signaling receptors (cell signaling)
  • movement (motor proteins)
  • structural (cytoskeletal proteins, ECM)
29
Q

What is the structure of amino acids?

A

amino group, carboxylic acid group, R-group, central or α-carbon, and a hydrogen

30
Q

What differentiates one amino acid from another?

A

R-group: 20 different R-groups

31
Q

What is the covalent bond that links amino acids together?

A

peptide bonds

32
Q

What is the structure of a protein?

A

amino-terminus, amino acids, peptide bonds, carboxy-terminus

33
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

stores genetic information

34
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

expresses genetic information

35
Q

structure of nucleotides

A

5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, 5’ phosphate group

36
Q

DNA vs RNA nucleotide

A

DNA is H
RNA is OH

37
Q

covalent bonds between nucleotides

A

phosphodiester

38
Q

RNA definition

A

polymer of RNA nucleotides and has 1 sugar-phosphate backbone ‘single-stranded’

39
Q

DNA definition

A

polymer of DNA nucleotides and has 2 sugar-phosphate backbones ‘double-stranded’

40
Q

What glues the 2 strands of DNA together?

A

Hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases

41
Q

2 types of lipids

A
  1. triglycerides
  2. phospholipids
42
Q

triglyceride definition

A

definition: a form of stored energy for plants and animals

43
Q

triglyceride structure

A

monomers:
* 1 glycerol (3-carbon molecule that’s the backbone of triglycerides)
* 3 fatty acids (a carboxylic acid group attached to a long hydrocarbon chain)

held together by ester bonds

44
Q

glycerol

A

3-carbon molecule that’s the backbone of triglycerides

45
Q

fatty acid

A

carboxylic acid group attached to a long hydrocarbon chain

46
Q

ester bonds

A

bond a carboxylic acid group attached to an alcohol; hold together glycerol and fatty acid monomers

47
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

all C-C bonds
long, straight chains saturated with hydrogens
pack well = solid (fats)

48
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

C=C bonds
- to be involved in the double bond, each carbon has to give up a hydrogen
bends in fatty acid chain
don’t pack well = liquid (oils)

49
Q

monounsaturated fatty acid

A

one C=C

50
Q

polyunsaturated fatty acid

A

2 or more C=C

51
Q

phospholipid definition

A
  • definition: the primary component of plasma membranes
52
Q

phospholipid monomers and bonds

A

a glycerol, 2 fatty acid chains, a phosphate group (same type of nucleotides)
covalent bonds: ester bonds

53
Q

property of phospholipid and why

A

amphipathic b/c polar hydrophilic head and nonpolar hydrophobic tail

54
Q

structure phospholipids form in an aqueous solution

A
  • phospholipid bilayer is formed
  • heads interact with aq environment outside the cell
  • heads interact with aq environment inside the cell

BIOL 110 (9 decks)

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