Exam #1

Question 1

Confounds

Answer 1

Something other than the variable of interest that affects the results
e.g. exercise causes happiness but so does family, friends, location, hobbies, etc.

Question 2

Bushman’s Study

Answer 2

• A study that looks at the effect of catharsis on aggression
• Different types of venting

Question 3

Empirical journal articles

Answer 3

Original research
e.g. research studies in my lit review

Question 4

Review journal articles

Answer 4

Analyzing and summarizing other people’s research
e.g. my lit review

Question 5

Construct

Answer 5

The name of the concept being studied
e.g. depression

Question 6

Conceptual definition

Answer 6

A careful, theoretical definition of the construct
e.g. a low mood or loss of pleasure or interest in activities for long periods

Question 7

Operational definition

Answer 7

How the construct is measured or manipulated in an actual study
e.g. 10 point Ladder of Life scale

Question 8

Diener’s conceptual definition

Answer 8

Subjective well-being, meaning well-being from a person’s perspective
e.g. happiness is equated with feeling pleasure or contentment

Question 9

Diener’s operational definition

Answer 9

Five 7-point Likert scales (strongly disagree to strongly disagree)
e.g. on a scale of “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree”, I am satisfied with my life

Question 10

Measured variable

Answer 10

Variable that is observed and recorded
e.g. age, gender, race

Question 11

Manipulated variable

Answer 11

A variable that is controlled
e.g. diet, participation in class, activity after being angered. in Bushman’s study

Question 12

Frequency claim

Answer 12

• Describes a particular level or degree of a single variable.
• Only one measured variable
  e.g. 75% of adults in the U.S. report being generally happy

Question 13

Association claim

Answer 13

• Argues that one level of a variable is likely to be correlated with a particular level of another variable.
• At least two measured variables
• Correlate or show contingency
  e.g. increase of exercise is related to higher levels of happiness

Question 14

Predictor variables

Answer 14

Hypothesized causes
e.g. baking time, oven temperature

Question 15

Outcome Variables

Answer 15

Hypothesized effects.
e.g. moisture of the cake, thickness of the cake

Question 16

Positive association

Answer 16

The predictor variable increases and the outcome variable increases
e.g. an increase in exercise is related to higher levels of happiness

Question 17

Zero association

Answer 17

There is no reliable relationship between predictor variable and outcome variable
e.g. an increase in exercise is not correlated to higher levels of happiness

Question 18

Negative association

Answer 18

The predictor variable increases and the outcome variable decreases
e.g. an increase in exercise is related to lower levels of happiness

Question 19

Covariance

Answer 19

A statistic that looks at how two variables are related to each other

Question 20

Causal claims

Answer 20

• Argues that one variable causes changes in another variable
• Supported by experiments
• Experiments require at least one independent (manipulated) variable and at least one dependent (measured) variable
  e.g. more consistent exercise leads to an increase in happiness

Question 21

Temporal precedence

Answer 21

A change in the mediator takes place before a change in the outcome
e.g. it shows if participants show greater happiness after exercise

Question 22

Level

Answer 22

• Receiving one set of stimuli/environment
• e.g. Bushman Experiment: venting

Question 23

Random assignment

Answer 23

Assigning participants to levels of the IV such that each group is as similar as possible
e.g. cards, dice, numbers

Question 24

Construct validity

Answer 24

How well the variables are measured and manipulated. Operational variables in a study are a good approximation of the conceptual variables.

Question 25

External validity

Answer 25

The results generalize to some larger population

Question 26

Statistical validity

Answer 26

How well does the number support the claim? How precise is the C.I. or how strong the effect is?
- Whether the study has been replicated

Question 27

Internal validity

Answer 27

The IV (not the confounds) is responsible for the change in the DV

Question 28

Self-report measure

Answer 28

operationalizes a variable by recording people’s answers to questions in a questionnaire or interview
e.g. likert scale

Question 29

Observational measure

Answer 29

• aka behavioral measure
• Operationalizes a variable by recording visible behaviors
  e.g. how much dust someone has on their furniture?

Question 30

Physiological measure

Answer 30

Operationalizes a variable by recording biological data
e.g. cortisol levels, fMRI, eeg

Question 31

Noir

Answer 31

The rich soil in which research grows

Question 32

Nominal scale

Answer 32

Their levels are qualitatively distinct categories
e.g. species, year at USF, favorite color

Question 33

Ordinal scale

Answer 33

Ranked order
e.g. first place isn’t twice as fast as second place

Question 34

Interval scale

Answer 34

Numerals represent equal distances between levels, but no true 0
e.g. SAT scores

Question 35

Ratio scale

Answer 35

Numerals represent equal ratios and there is a true zero
e.g. number of answers correct on exam- meaningful to say “twice as many”

Question 36

Valid introspection

Answer 36

delivers, at best, hints about what goes on in the mind; it does not suffice to justify knowledge claims about the mind

Question 37

Invalid introspection

Answer 37

does not provide a direct pipeline to nonconscious mental processes

Question 38

Random selection

Answer 38

External validity within a population
e.g. USF students

Question 39

Availability heuristic

Answer 39

Being persuaded by what easily comes to mind
e.g. being angry and vented

Question 40

Present/present bias

Answer 40

Failing to think about what we cannot see
e.g. cause and effects

Question 41

Confirmation bias

Answer 41

Focusing on the evidence we like best
e.g. algorithm on tik tok

Question 42

Bias blind spot

Answer 42

Being biased about being biased
e.g. “I do not have any biases” “I am a non biased person”

Question 43

Good story bias

Answer 43

Being swayed by a good story
e.g. Freud saying we are like machines

Question 44

Counterfactuals

Answer 44

If x were different, how would y be different?
e.g. everything everywhere all at once