EXAM 1 Flashcards
What are the top 5 impediments of academic performance?
- Procrastination
- Stress
- Anxiety
- Depression
- Sleep
What are the top 5 leading causes of death ages 10-34?
- Unintentional Injury
- Suicide
- Malignant Neoplasms
- Homicide
- Heart Disease
Primary Method of Prevention
aims to prevent disease or injury BEFORE it occurs (health education, immunizations, laws/policies)
Secondary Method of Prevention
aims to reduce the impact of a disease/injury that has already occurred (medical treatments, screening tests/exams)
Tertiary Method of Prevention
aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness/injury that has lasting effects or delay mortality (rehabilitation programs, support groups, chemotherapy)
Prevalence
measure of disease that allows us to determine a person’s likelihood of having a disease - total number of cases of disease existing in a population
Incidence
a person’s probability of being diagnosed with a disease during a given period of time - # of newly diagnosed cases of a disease
Morbidity
rate of having a disease or a symptom of disease, or to the amount of disease within a population
Mortality
death rate, # of deaths in a population
In 1900, what was the leading cause of death (all ages)
Infectious disease
Transtheoretical Model
- Precontemplation Stage: unaware, no intention to change
- Contemplation Stage: aware problem exists, not committed to change yet
- Preparation Stage: intention to make a change, identifies possible barriers and how they will overcome them
- Action Stage: doing the change and creating new behavior habits
- Maintenance Stage: has continued new behavior, has made needed modifications
Modifiable Determinant
can be changed (behavior)
Nonmodifiable Determinant
cannot be changed (biological determinants)
Intellectual Health
Ability to think clearly and make responsible decisions
Physical Health
A person’s ability to perform activities of daily living
Social Cognitive Model
Behavior –> Social Environment –> Inner Thoughts & Feelings (cognition)
WHO Definition of Health
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Biology
An individual’s genetics, ethnicity, age, and sex
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- Self Actualization: creativity, spirituality, fulfillment of potential
- Esteem: self-respect, respect for others, accomplishment
- Social: belonging, affection, acceptance
- Security: shelter, safety, protection
- Survival: food, water, sleep, exercise, sexual expression
Social Isolation
lacking in social connections
Loneliness
feeling of being alone, regardless of the amount of social connection
Self-Efficacy
a person’s belief about whether they can successfully engage in and execute a specific behavior
Self-Esteem
one’s realistic sense of self-respect and self-worth
Psychological Health
cumulative sum of a person’s mental, emotional, social, and spiritual wellness; how we think, feel, relate, and exist in our day-to-day lives
Mental Health
the thinking part of psychological health; includes how well we process information, our values, and how our mind processes and understands information and life experiences
Emotional Health
the feeling, or subjective, side of psychological health. It involves our ability to manage and express the emotions that arise from our past experiences and learned behaviors
Social Health
the aspect of psychological health that includes interactions with other people, ability to use social supports, and ability to adapt to various situations
Family
can refer to family of origin or a supportive network of individuals who share common bonds or beliefs
Spiritual Health
the aspect of psychological health that relates to having a sense of meaning and purpose to one’s life as well as a feeling of connection with other people and with nature
Social Support
A network of people and services with which we share ties and from which we get support
Resiliency
- Feel good about themselves
- High sense of personal growth
- Sense of purpose in life
- Value diversity
Mental Illness Among College Students
Most Common: Anxiety Disorders
Depression
OCD
PTSD
Personality Disorders
Schizophrenia
Happiness
A collective term for several positive state in which individuals actively embrace the world around them
What Makes Up Happiness?
- Health: knowing and partaking in healthy habits
- Intimacy: being able to enjoy the company of friends and family, as well as practice empathy
- Resources: possessing a certain agency over one’s conditions in life
- Competence: the knowledge of and ability to learn new skills
Adult Mental Health Statistic
Nearly 1 in 5 US adults live with a diagnosable mental illness
Learned Helplessness
Where people continually give up because of past experiences
Biggest Contributor to Loneliness
Technology
Personality
Unique mix of characteristics that set us apart from others
Big 5: agreeableness, openness, neuroticism, conscientiousness, extroversion
Emotional Intelligence
A person’s ability to understand, use, and manage emotional states in positive and constructive ways
- Self-awareness
- Self-regulation/self-management
-Internal motivation
- Empathy
- Social skills
Stress
mental and physical response and adaptation by our bodies to real or perceived change and challenges
Stressors
any real/perceived physical, social, or psychological event or stimulus that causes our bodies to react with stress
Eustress
Positive stress, personal growth and satisfaction, can improve ones health (working out)
Distress
negative stress, occurs when tired, under the influence, coping with illness, financial, relationship issues
Chronic Stress
lingering stress (indefinitely) and wreaks havoc on body systems
Acute Stress
most common stress, comes from the demands of the recent past/near future, does not damage health
Homeostasis
balanced physiological state in which all the body’s systems function smoothly
General Adaptation Syndrome
1- Alarm Stage
2- Resistance Stage
3- Exhaustion Stage
Alarm Stage
stressor disrupts body’s stability, temporarily lowering resistance
Resistance Stage
body resources are mobilized to combat stressor, and body maintains a higher level or resistance
Exhaustion Stage
body runs out of adaptation energy stores for adjusting to stressor, and resistance drops below normal
Allostatic Load
exhausted wear and tear on the body (prolonged effort to adapt to stress leads to this
Immunocompetence
the ability of the body to protect you. Continual release of cortisol and other hormones can reduce immunocompetence
Psychosocial Structures - Causes of Stress
- Adjustment to change
- Hassles: little things that bug you
- Frustration and conflict
- Overload
- Stressful environments
- Bias and discrimination
Alarm Phase –> Fight or Flight Response
Cerebral cortex triggers an autonomic nervous system response that prepares you for action
The autonomic nervous system controls the heart, glandular functions, and breathing
Has 2 branches:
Sympathetic Nervous system → energizes the body for fight or flight by signaling release of several stress hormones
Parasympathetic Nervous System → functions to slow all the systems stimulated by the stress response
Hypothalamus functions as the control center of the sympathetic nervous system and determines the reaction to stress
It stimulates the adrenal glands to release epinephrine (adrenaline)
This causes more blood to be pumped, dilates the airways in the lungs, increases breathing rate, and causes more glucose to be released
It also causes the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which in turn causes the release of cortisol
Cortisol causes more stored nutrients to be released to meet energy demands
Endorphins are released to relieve pain
Resistance Phase –> body tries to return to homeostasis
Because some perceived stressor still exists, the body does not achieve complete calm or rest - it stays activated, causing a higher metabolic rate in some organ tissues
Exhaustion Phase –> a prolonged effort to adapt to stress may lead to allostatic load
This exhaustion phase occurs when the physical and emotional energy used to fight the stressor has been depleted
Continual release of cortisol and other hormones can reduce immunocompetence (ability of body to protect you)
Endorphins
released to relieve pain (during alarm phase)
Adrenal Glands
released during alarm stage, stimulated in response to stress, release epinephrine (adrenaline)
Signs and Symptoms of Physical Stress
1- Tension, headaches, migraine, dizziness
2- Oil skin, blemishes, rashes, blushing
3- Dry mouth, jaw pain, grinding teeth
4- Backache, neck stiffness, muscle cramps, fatigue
5- Tightness in chest, hyperventilation, heart pounding, palpitations
6- Stomachache, acid stomach, burping, nausea, indigestion, stomach “butterflies”
7- Diarrhea, gassiness, constipation, increased urge to urinate
8- Cold hands, sweaty hands and feet, hand tremor
Warning Signs of Suicide
1- Recent loss; can’t move past grief stage
2- preoccupation/persistence with death
3- History of depression
4- Change in personality
5- Change in behavior
6- Change in sleep and/or eating patterns
7- Final preparations (writing will)
What part of the brain controls the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?
Hypothalamus
