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FIVS 210 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

SLR

A

Single lens reflect Camera

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2
Q

DSLR

A

Digital single lens reflex camera

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3
Q

DSLM

A

Digital single lens mirror less camera; features a single removable lens and uses a digital display system rather than an optical viewfinder. This digital viewfinder displays what the camera image sensor sees

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4
Q

Depth of Field

A

The extended area in front of and behind the plane of precise focus that still appears to the eye to be in focus.

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5
Q

Exposure variables

A

Shutter speeds, apertures, film speeds/digital ISO equivalents, ambient light of the scene or any supplemental lighting that can be used.

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6
Q

Reciprocity Between F-Stops, Shutter Speeds, and ISO

A
  • A larger aperture allows more light to hit the sensor, so the shutter speed can be made faster to compensate.
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7
Q

Focal Length

A

length of lense camera

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8
Q

Depth of Field as a function of focal length

A

-Inversely proportional to focal length.
-A shorter focal length results in a greater depth of field.
-A longer focal length leads to a shallower depth of field.
-DOF = 1/focal length

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9
Q

18% Gray card

A

The standard used by camera reflective light meters to determine the proper exposure settings on the camera.

Camera always assumed that 18% of the light it is taking in is gray. (which is not always correct)

If a particular scene is not reflecting this “norm,” a proper exposure can be determined by aiming the camera at an 18% gray card and taking a meter reading of it.

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10
Q

Shutter speed and stopping motion

A

The lower the amount of time the shutter speed is allowed to be open for (aka higher denominator) the less light allowed in and motion is frozen.

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11
Q

How Is the Camera set at the factory?

A

Always on manual

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12
Q

Proper camera holding / tripods

A

Wrap your right hand around the cameras firmly and hold the lens bottom with your left hand. Right index finger rests lightly on the shutter button and your elbows pressed gently against the front of your body. One step forward to maintain balance and press the camera against your face to look through the viewfinder.

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13
Q

Telephoto and zoom lenses (how that effects
images)

A

Use a wide angle and telephoto focal length only when absolutely necessary. It enlarges and crops the photo and foreground objects become blurred. (can cause barrell and pincushion distortion)

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14
Q

F-Stop

A

also known as the aperture, and determines how large the apeture (higher f-stop means smaller aperture)

focal length (f) / the diameter (D) of the opening.

doubling or halving the amount of light youre letting in

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15
Q

Inverse Square Laws

A
  • Relationship between the distance light travels and the intensity of light at different distances.
  • Halving the original distance quadruples the light intensity
  • As the distance light travels is doubled, its intensity is quartered. I = 1/D^2
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16
Q

ISO Numbers

A

The numbers are indications of the sensor’s relative sensitivity to light

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17
Q

Camera Care

A
  1. utilize the camera strap
  2. protect the camera from harsh elements
  3. utilize lens care
  4. Use storage/carrying case to protect camera and equipment
  5. store camera in well ventilated, cool, dry, location
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18
Q

UV Filter

A

Protects the lens, reduces haze and provides warmth(?)

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19
Q

Fill Flash

A

Utilize fill flash technique when in daytime scenes that uses both available light and artificial light. The light in the flash is used to “fill in” the shadows

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20
Q

Filling the Frame

A

Filling the entire frame of the photo with the main subject. Adds emphasis and eliminates distraction

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21
Q

Overall photos

A

A photo of the entire scene to provide perspective

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22
Q

Vision

A

A tool the brain uses to experience the world around it

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23
Q

Perception

A

Becoming aware of the representation of an object or scene. People accept photography as a reasonably accurate representation of objects and scenes because we expect them to be.

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24
Q

Vanishing Point

A

Parallel lines receding into the distance, appear to converge.

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25
Q

Kodak’s 10 Tips for taking better photos

A
  1. Get down on the subject’s level.
  2. Use a plain background.
  3. Using the flash outdoors.
  4. Move in close.
  5. Take some vertical photos.
  6. Lock the focus.
  7. Move it from the middle.
  8. Know the flash’s range.
  9. Watch the light.
  10. Be a picture director.
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26
Q

Examination quality photos

A

High-quality images that can be used for comparison or to calculate precise measurements.

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27
Q

Factors Affecting light reaching the camera

A
  1. Shutter speed
  2. Apertures
  3. ISO settings
  4. any ambient lighting at the scene or supplemental lighting
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28
Q

Scales and their guidelines

A

Scales are in nearly all amination quality photographs

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29
Q

Digital imaging types

A

RAW, TIFF, JPEG

30
Q

Examples of comparison/analysis photos

A
  • Fingerprints, footwear, tire marks, or any other impression evidence
  • bloodstain documentation
  • bullet strikes and impacts
  • tool marks
  • bite marks
  • reconstruction photographs
31
Q

Lossless v. lossy images

A

Lossless images can be used by examiners to make comparisons between known and unknown pieces of evidence
- make sure you are selecting the raw files for further analysis

lossy images are images that are compressed by deleting image data permenantly

lossless images restores and rebuilds the image to its original image after decompression

32
Q

Pixels – per – inch (ppi)

A
  • Some types of evidence have a standard when photographing them to maximize image quality
  • fingerprints need a 1000 ppi ratio
  • footwear and tiremarks impression require a 500 ppi
33
Q

Mosaic pattern on camera sensor

A

Color filter array

34
Q

Color Filter Array (CFA)

A

Positioned on the top of the sensor to filter out the red, green and blue components of light falling onto it.

35
Q

Interpolation

A

Estimating a value within the range of measured data.

36
Q

Aperture-Induced Diffraction

A

bending of light as it enters through the aperture of a camera lens.

37
Q

White Balance

A

Camera setting that adjusts for lighting in order make white objects appear white in photos.

38
Q

Bracketing

A

The process of shooting the same image, shot, or scene multiple times using different camera settings resulting in different exposures.

39
Q

How should the camera be set for best performance for my use?

A

On manual

40
Q

Is the function better controlled by the use of a button or a menu?

A

Button

41
Q

Does the camera return to default after its turned off?

A

No?

42
Q

Polarizing filter

A

Reduces glare and reflection while also enhancing the color.

43
Q

Midrange photos

A

Shows a piece of evidence but is far enough away to show other items in order to provide perspective

44
Q

Closeup photos

A

A detailed shot of a piece of evidence

45
Q

RAW Images

A
  • Unprocessed and uncompressed images (lossless)
  • Use raw images for any pieces of evidence that may need further analysis or be used for comparison purposes.
46
Q

TIFF Images

A

Tagged image file format, another lossless image file

47
Q

JPEG

A

Joint photographic expert group
Uses lossy compression and removes some of the originally recorded information from the images’ data

48
Q

How to calculate PPI

A
  • Know size of imaging clip
  • Divide horizontal and vertical pixels by 1000 (this will give you the maximum image capture size in inches)
  • Convert the inches to millimeters (25mm = 1 inch)
  • end result is the image capture in milimeters
49
Q

Size of the Image’s Capture Area

A

The size of the image’s capture area is the maximum amount of space visible in the viewfinder and therefore recorded by the camera.

50
Q

Color Balance

A

The adjustment of the intensity of the colors in an image.

51
Q

F - Stop

A

A camera lens setting that measures the aperture’s size and the amount of light it allows to enter the camera. (higher denominator for F-stop, means less light allowed in)

52
Q

Shutter Speed

A

The length of time a camera’s shutter is open when taking a photo or recording a film. (higher the denominator means the shutter is open for a shorter period of time)

53
Q

ISO numbers

A

A numerical value that represents a camera’s sensitivity to light. (higher ISO means higher light sensitivity therefore you need less light to take a picture)

54
Q

Aperture

A

The opening in a camera lens that controls how much light enters the camera and hits the sensor or film.

55
Q

Diaphragm

A

A component of a camera lens that controls the amount of light that passes through to the image sensor.

56
Q

ISO Rules of Thumb

A
  1. Outside, during the middle of a sunny day, select an ISO of 100.
  2. Whenever you are doing an examination/critical comparison photograph, use an ISO of 100.
  3. All other times, lean towards using an ISO of 400.
57
Q

Blue tint happens during

A

Shade, cloudy or twilight environments

58
Q

Orange tint happens during

A

sunrise and sunset

59
Q

A yellow tint occurs / happens due to

A

tungsten lamps

60
Q

Green tints are produced by

A

fluorescent lights

61
Q

What are the benefits of bracketing?

A
  1. Helps to ensure the best possible image is captured.
  2. Helps focus on the dynamic elements of a crime scene through lighting and proper exposure.
  3. Helps to ensure images are being captured at a high quality.
62
Q

“Normal” Lense

A

50 mm

63
Q

With all else equal, what shutter speed is better able to stop motion?
a. 4 seconds
b. 1/4 of a second
c. 1/40th second
d. 1/400th of a second

A

D.

64
Q

You accurately meter an exposure at ISO 200, f/5.6, for 1/500th of a second. You wish to bracket the exposure by adding one stop of light. What would be the new exposure values?

a. ISO 400, f/5.6, for 1/500th of a second
b. ISO 200, f/4.0, for 1/500th of a second
c. ISO 200, f/5.6, for 1/250th of a second
d. Any of the above

A

D

65
Q

An aperture of f/8 allows twice as much light as f/16 to enter the camera.
a. True
b. False

A

B.

66
Q

Which ISO value is the most sensitive to light?
a. ISO 100
b. ISO 400
c. ISO 800
d. ISO 3200

A

D

67
Q

Which value allows three more stops of light into the camera than provided by an ISO 100
setting?
a. ISO 300
b. ISO 800
c. ISO 1200
d. ISO 1600

A

B

68
Q

Zoom lenses…
a. Allow the photographer to capture images while bracketing exposures
b. Can only be used on video or cine cameras
c. Are a historic type of lens that is no longer in use on modern cameras
d. Allow the photographer to capture images at a variety of focal lengths

A

D

69
Q

A shutter speed of 1/250th of a second allows twice as much light as 1/500th of a second to
enter the camera.
a. True
b. False

A

A

70
Q

What are the basic operating modes of the” typical” modern digital camera?
a. Automatic and Manual
b. Program, Aperture Priority, Shutter (time) Priority, and Manual
c. Automatic, Manual, and TTL (through the lens)
d. Portrait, landscape, action, and close-up

A

B

71
Q

. Which filter is recommended for all camera lenses?
a. ND
b. Average density
c. Wratten
d. 1A, Skylight, or UV

A

D

72
Q

Which filter(s) is most commonly used to reduce glare when photographing evidence behind
glass?
a. #8 Yellow, #21 Orange, #25 Red
b. ND
c. Polarizer
d. Diopters (+1, +2, +4)

A

C

FIVS 210 (2 decks)

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