Exam 1

Question 1

Explain the differences between lipid-soluble and non-lipid soluble hormones.

Answer 1

Lipid - soluble hormones diffuse through the plasm and enter the target to bind to the receptor. Non lipid soluble bind to receptors on the plasma membrane cell.

Question 2

purpose of prehormones and prohormones as well as “inactive” hormones

Answer 2

Prohormones: are away to regulate hormone expression.
Prehormones: Act as a building block for hormones.
Inactive hormones:this prevents hormone from exerting effects @inproper times

Question 3

Explain the concepts of priming (upregulation) and desensitization(downregulation) of
hormone receptors

Answer 3

Priming: A technique in which the introduction of one stimulus influences how people respond to a subsequent stimuli’s
Desensitization:reduced emotional responses sensitivity awards violence leading to decreased arousal, intervention tendency’s and sympathy for victims

Question 4

Describe the various ways (hormonal, humoral, neural) that endocrine glands can be
activated to release their hormones

Answer 4

Numeral stimuli, hormonal stimuli, and neural stimuli

Question 5

Describe the process of steroid hormones inducing transcription and translation in a target
cell

Answer 5

The steroid hormones pass through the plasma membrane then adhere to intracellular receptors. The cell then signals pathways induced by the steroid hormone regulate specific genes on the cell’s DNA.

Question 6

Explain the three 2nd messenger systems
include any enzymes that inactivate the system

Answer 6

Cyclic nucleotides (camp und c GMP)
Inositol triphosphate(ip3) anddiacylglyceral (dag)
Calcium ions ( CA 2 plus)
They bind homons to a receptor that causes a cascade of changes that leads to actions
They are also molecules that relay signals from I receptor to another

Question 7

Describe the differences between the anterior and posterior pituitary

Answer 7

The anterior gland is connected to the brain by short blood vessels
The posterior gland forms part of the brain and secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream und the brains command.

Question 8

List the hormones that are released from the anterior and from the posterior pituitary and
their general effects

Answer 8

Anterior: luteinizing hormone (lh) - stimulates androgen production by gonads
… Write more later!’!!!
Posterior: antidivrett hormone (adh) - stimulates water reabsophonby midways
Oxytocin - stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth

Question 9

Describe the relationship between the pituitary and the hypothalamus

Answer 9

The hypothalamus is directly connected to tru posterior lobe of the pituitary gland with the help of the neurons
The hypothalamus controls the function of the pitta and.

Question 10

Explain the effects of growth hormone on the body. Include how GH is regulated and what
happens when either too much or two little gets released

Question 11

Explain the relationship between the hypothalamic releasing neurons, the anterior pituitary,
and the THYROID gland. Include which hormones are released from each location.

Question 12

Describe the process of production of T3 & T4 within the colloid of the thyroid glands.

Question 13

Describe how T3 & T4 are signaled to be released

Question 14

Describe the function of thyroid hormone?

Question 15

Describe the pathologies associated with the
thyroid gland

Question 16

Explain the function of calcitonin and how it counters the action of parathyroid hormone.

Question 17

Explain where each are produced and where they have their effects

Question 18

List the layers of the adrenal cortex and medulla

Question 19

Name the hormones that are released
from each layer, describe what the hormones do, and explain what happens when these
hormones are out of balance

Question 20

Describe how both the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla contribute to stress
management

Question 21

Describe the activity of the pineal gland & melatonin

Question 22

Describe how the pancreas works to control blood sugar levels, include information about
the alpha and beta cells, the hormones that are released from each, where the hormones
have their effect and what that effect is.

Question 23

Map out the step by step pathway for GLUT 4 receptors to be inserted into the plasma
membrane. Include information about the signaling hormone as well as what GLUT 4 does
when it gets inserted into the plasma membrane

Question 24

Explain the main differences between Type I and Type II diabetes mellitus