Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

sfl 335 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

role strain & coping

A

role strain: stress that comes from trying to balance and “live up” to multiple roles

coping
- transferring resources (either behavioral or cognitive) from one domain to another.
- can be a positive or negative for addressing stress, depending on how it’s utilized.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

in a stepfamily, which subsystem has more tension and disagreement surrounding child-rearing?

A

the stepcouple coparenting subsystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

predictors of infidelity

A

cheating is a culmination of negative relationship processes
- couple communication !!! most consistent
- others include avoidant attachment, more perceived alternatives, narcissism, neurotic partner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

in a stepfamily, which subsystem is likely the least understood?

A

the sibling subsystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

adaptation vs. resiliency

A
  • adaptation: change of behaviors, thoughts, values, and tendencies in reaction to stress
  • resiliency: individuals and families that benefit from stressful events
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

elements of the ABC-X model

A

A: stressor event
B: family resources
C: perception or meaning
X: stress or crisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

helen fisher’s model (2016) on love

A
  • sexual drive: motivation to pursue a variety of potential partners (low personal control)
  • romantic love: motivation to form a relationship and become exclusive (a little more personal control)
  • attachment: motivation to stay in a relationship (higher personal control)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

key to level of parenting stress felt

A

family processes: roles, rituals, communication, and discipline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

focal points of stress in the (normative) transition to parenthood

A
  • decision to conceive
  • pregnancy
  • birth
  • adjustment to parenthood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

average gender differences

A
  • women more agreeable, men more aggressive
  • women more neurotic (threat sensitive)
  • women have more interest in people, men more interest in things
  • differences in partner preferences and sexual behaviors
  • no differences in math ability or IQ more broadly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

parenting strategies

A
  • cocooning: shielding and protecting from outside influences
  • pre-arming: teaching children to confront outside influences
  • deferring: giving children freedom to make their own decisions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

types of stress related to every day hassles

A
  • pile-up stress: the accumulation of stressful events and perceptions
  • spill-over stress: stressful events from one area of our lives create stress in unrelated areas of our lives
    • work-family spillover: stress from work domain spills-over to family domain, bi-directional, especially for working moms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

friendship divorce

A

who gets to keep which friends (including in-laws)?

GOAL: separate couple support systems and rearrange them into individual support systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

boundary ambiguity in step families

A
  • stepparents struggle to find a place
  • presence of bio parents complicates issues
  • children’s acceptance of stepparents is complicated by loyalty
  • favoring biological children
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

social constructivist model of sexual identity (herowitz & newcomb)

A

social constructivist
- identity formation is an ongoing two-way process between the individual and social environments
- sexual identity is maintained through social interaction and is fluid, no end point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

caregivers of those with physical illness report:

A
  • more depression
  • their own health symptoms
  • more doctors’ visits
  • spiritual and personal growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

divorce rate trend

A

peak in 1980s, gradual decline since then, low in 2019

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

trends of stay at home dads

A
  • not regarded highly by others
  • like spending time with their kids, but have a hard time interacting with other adults
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

“essentialist” stage model of sexual identity (herowitz & newcomb)

A

essentialist
- underlying “real” sexual identity (genetic)
- awareness of identity
- integration of sexual identity into self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

stress in family systems theory

A
  • individual stress adds to family stress
  • placed on the entire family system, the unit is greater than the sum of its parts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

infertility’s influence

A
  • increased stressors: hope-despair cycle, changing life goals, communication problems, comparison stress
  • grief of perceived or actual loss
  • depression/negative feelings (perhaps especially in women)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

likelihood of step families

A

1 out of every 3 americans is either a step-child, a step-parent, or is involved in a blended/stepfamily some other way
- most common is female parent’s children only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

which types of factors are the best predictors of infidelity (allen et al.)

A

observed communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

virtues “transformative processes in marriage” (fincham et al.)

A
  • forgiveness
  • commitment
  • sacrifice
  • sanctification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how does parental investment differ across adoption context (i.e., international, private, foster)?
(werum et al.)

A
  • higher parental involvement was linked to international adoption
  • domestic (private/foster) adoptive parents don’t invest more than regular non-adoptive parents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

interventions for families with physical illness

A
  • family systems
  • biopsychosocial model (medical, mental health, social, and *spiritual supports)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

vulnerability-stress-adaptation model

A
  • daily hassles and adaptive processes have a reciprocal relationship
  • adaptive processes and family well-being have a reciprocal relationship
  • enduring vulnerabilities and daily hassles have inverse relationships with family well-being, but adaptive processes moderate this relationship
  • all variables are situated within the ecological niche and influenced by chance occurrences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

trends of maternal employment

A
  • lack of flexible work environments makes things a lot harder for mothers (having to choose between advancing in careers and focusing on family)
  • flexible work hours in dual income families can relieve adverse effects
  • employed mothers are less disliked when working out of financial necessity rather than personal fulfillment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

which subsystem is particularly fragile when a stepfamily is formed?

A

the stepparent-stepchild subsystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

communication vs. virtues

A

many marital conflict programs focus only on communication skills, but this doesn’t work on its own.

fincham et al. says that virtues as transformative processes are also needed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

in a stepfamily, which subsystem has the longest shared history?

A

the parent-child subsystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what domains of study have focused on boundary ambiguity? (carroll et al.)

A
  • MIA families
  • death of a family member
  • divorce, remarriage, & stepfamilies
  • family illness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

the benefits of shifting perspective through mindfulness

A
  • pain doesn’t decrease, but unpleasantness of pain does (shifts the EMOTIONAL APPRAISAL)
  • can improve the perception of family realationships
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

mortality salience

A

realization of mortality and the inevitability of death
- linked to motivation to repair and improve family relationships
- constraints force us to prioritize the things that matter most to us

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

gap between parents wanting to adopt and actually adopting

A

33% want to, 2% actually do
- application process
- finances
- eligibility requirements
- matching prospects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

potential causes of rise in child chronic illness (doubled+ since 1994)?

A
  • changes in diet
  • physical activity
  • media use
  • hygiene hypothesis
  • changes in adult supervision
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

3 challenges for mental illness in families

A
  1. the challenge of cause and effect
  2. the challenge of ambiguous disease
  3. the challenge of the uncooperative member
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

internal vs. external stress

A
  • internal stress: feelings of anxiety/anxiousness due to perception that change in event/person/source is troubling or challenging
  • external stressor: a challenging change in event/person/source that may cause anxiety/anxiousness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

negative parental resources + examples

A

potential or latent vulnerabilities of parents and parent-child relationships to stressors and crisis events
- ex. poor mental health, lack of knowledge, lack of support from co-parent/extended family, economic struggles, etc.

40
Q

boundary ambiguity

A

boundaries are a key aspect of family systems - who is in and outside of the family
- may be made unclear through divorce, death, illness, etc.
- unclear or undefined boundaries lead to undefined role and task assignments which undermine family functioning

41
Q

tasks of parenting (six S’s)

A

provide…
- safety (basic needs)
- support (emotional/social)
- stimulation
- structure
- social connectedness
- surveillance

42
Q

adoption specific therapy

A
  • trust
  • developmental understanding of adoption experience
  • loss and grief
  • attachment
  • identity
  • transracial
43
Q

criticism of the empirical evidence for mindfulness

A
  • poor methodology
  • lack of attention to potential adverse effects
  • lack of information about teacher training
44
Q

marital satisfaction with physical illness in couples

A
  • disease onset: increased satisfaction
  • health decline: decreased satisfaction
45
Q

order vs. chaos

A

-authoritarianism vs. decadence
- fascism vs. nihilism
- JESUS CHRIST LIVES IN THE MIDDLE. His atonement makes it possible for us to have both:
- The redeeming power of the atonement restores order from chaos
- The enabling power of the atonement gives us courage to venture into chaos and grow

46
Q

two ways of viewing gender

A
  • social (social constructionism)
  • biological (gender essentialism)
47
Q

findings of biopsychosocial study (leonhardt et al.)

A
  • people generally fare better in marriage than research portrays
  • average declined is caused by a small group with a steep decline
  • good relationship and realism is all you need :)
48
Q

between biological, psychological, and social factors, which was most important in distinguishing couples that maintained high satisfaction and commitment through the transition to parenthood?

A

social factors (i.e. low attachment avoidance, high relational self-expansion, and high perceived partner commitment)

49
Q

what does mindfulness remind us to do?

A
  • remember the being mode (identity, becoming, etc.)
  • re-member, belong again to myself and the world
50
Q

stressors of sexual minority families

A
  • similarities: day to day challenges, stress/adaptation/resiliency
  • unique challenges: minority stress, lack of family or societal support, boundary ambiguity (same-sex couples)
51
Q

primary outcomes of adults who had siblings with mental illness (taylor et al.)

A
  • higher probability of depressive episode, less extraverted, less conscientious
  • if the sibling with MI is a man, lower psychological wellbeing, lower agreeableness, higher neuroticism
52
Q

legal divorce

A

petition, mediation/litigation, settlement/trial, etc.

GOAL: create an equitable arrangement that will allow each party to move forward

53
Q

financial divorce

A

splitting economic resources and responsibilities
- debt, personal property (movable), real property (non-movable), alimony, retirement/pension plans, child support
- women tend to fare worse

GOAL: help each partner achieve sustainability

54
Q

balanced coping

A

coping by keeping illness demands in perspective with other family needs (e.g. attending to the needs of both the ill child and healthy siblings)

55
Q

experience of transgender youth

A
  • increased discrimination, families rejection, suicide ideation, self-harm, homelessness, sexual assault
  • 82% consider suicide, 40% attempt suicide
56
Q

why do infertile couples struggle with negative outcomes? (pasch & sullivan)

A

couples with incompatible approaches to managing infertility (e.g. appraisal and coping) will be more likely to experience negative communication sequences and negative outcomes

57
Q

meditation vs. contemplation and their impact on mental frames

A
  • mediation: moving toward the center
    • breaking up a bad frame
    • can cause you to lose a frame as well
  • contemplation: look up toward the divine
    • make a better frame
    • can keep you locked in a bad frame as well
58
Q

origin of the word mindfulness

A

“sati” (pali language), = to remember the being mode = belong again to myself and to the world

59
Q

3 approaches to handling ambiguity (hafen)

A
  1. idealist
  2. pessimist
  3. improver
60
Q

how to foster resilience with mental health

A
  • within an individual (positive development, emotional self-regulation, connections, etc.)
  • within a family (structure, expectations, supportive relationships, etc.)
  • within a community (mentors, positive norms, opportunities to engage, etc.)
61
Q

reasons for low disclosure rates

A

disclosure of same-sex attraction has been shown to be disruptive of family functioning

double-edged sword:
- youth who disclose have higher rates of abuse and criminal behavior
- youth who don’t disclose have more feelings of shame, relational distance, and mental health concerns

62
Q

major limitation of existing theories about sexual orientation

sexual configuration theory (van anders)

A
  • based on biological sex and doesn’t account for gender
  • doesn’t account for sexualities unrelated to gender or sex (behavior, identity, and orientation)
  • doesn’t account for love vs. lust
  • basically it’s COMPLICATED OK
63
Q

in a stepfamily, which subsystem is vulnerable to stress from other subsystems?

A

the couple subsystem

64
Q

relationship divorce

A

emotional divorce, loss of couple identity (shared time, rituals, and communication)

GOAL: reformed couple identity based on new circumstances

65
Q

stressor event

A

an occurrence that provokes a variable amount of change in the family system

66
Q

mental illness

A

health conditions involving changes in emotion, thinking, or behavior (or a combination of these).
- associated with distress and/or problems functioning in social, work or family activities.

67
Q

theoretical model for physical illness

A
  • physical and mental health stressors impact individual and family outcomes through adaptive processes
  • enduring individual, family, and community characteristics influence physical and mental health and adaptive processes
  • outcomes and adaptations and feed back into physical and mental health as well
68
Q

infidelity as a level 3 stressor

A
  • level 1: existing resources sufficient (everyday hassles)
  • level 2: family needs new resources but can cope
  • level 3: paradigm shifting/shattering stressor
69
Q

infidelity influence on children

A

robs them of the ability to trust the most important authority figures
- decreased trust in future romantic relationships
- shame around sexuality
- for kids: betrayal, blame themselves
- for adolescents: blame parent, care for other parent

70
Q

stepfamily resiliency

A
  • couple system: communication about roles and rituals to build unity
  • parenting within family: understand differences between different systems
  • coparenting between families: build a bridge between homes, identify common values
71
Q

prevalence of transgenderism

A
  • 0.5% of US adults self-identified as transgender
  • 1.4% of youth ages 13-17, but 25% of those identify as gender non-conforming
72
Q

chronic illness

A
  • condition that lasts one year or more that requires ongoing medical attention or limits daily living/activities (or both).
  • many caused by risk factors, some accidental or unpredictable
73
Q

faith is not blind spectrum

A

closed eyes and open heart: idealist
open eyes and closed heart: pessimist
open eyes and open heart: improver

74
Q

everyday hassles

A

proximal stressors, strains, and transactions of day-to-day life that can be viewed as common annoyances. relatively minor and arise out of routinized daily activities. can be both anticipated and unanticipated.

75
Q

infidelity

A

any intimate relationship behavior with someone other than your spouse or partner (physical or emotional)
- physical: men more likely than women
- emotional: mixed evidence

76
Q

how to help children cope with parents’ infidelity

A
  • be honest, but limit details
  • clarify boundaries between parent/child subsystem (break up coalitions)
  • help older children see they don’t know the full story
  • help child establish forgiveness at own pace
77
Q

infidelity as trauma

A
  • intrusive thoughts and images
  • re-experiencing the event
  • hyperarousal and hypervigilance
  • overwhelms coping resources to the point of helplessness
78
Q

aristotle’s way of knowing what’s real

A
  • organ of cognition (brain) optimal - state of mind
  • environment optimal - circumstances and possible miscommunication
  • intersubjective agreement - second witness
79
Q

10 dimensions of family stressor events

A
  1. internal vs. external
  2. pervasive vs. bounded (who in the family it affects)
  3. precipitate vs. gradual onset (suddenness)
  4. intense vs. mild (severity)
  5. transitory vs. chronic (duration)
  6. random vs. expectable
  7. natural vs. artificial generation
  8. scarcity vs. surplus (commodities)
  9. perceived insolvable vs. solvable
  10. substantive content (area)
80
Q

family adjustment and adaptation response (FAAR) model (patterson et al.)

A

families engage in active processes to balance family demands with family capabilities as these interact with family meanings to arrive at a level of family adjustment or adaptation.
- when demands outweigh capabilities, families experience crisis
- after crisis they must increase capabilities, decrease demands or change meanings in order to achieve adaptation

81
Q

is there a consensus on how to conceptualize mindfulness?

A

no

82
Q

parenting as a stressor

A
  • stress from parenting children
  • secondary stress from the child’s stressors
83
Q

challenges to adoption for same-sex couples

A
  • sending countries being resistant to same-sex couples and single parents
  • birth mothers not choosing them due to their sexual orientation, lots of waiting
  • discrimination by child welfare workers/adoption professionals
  • struggle to find lawyer/agency who will work with them, heterosexual normative
  • don’t want to “make waves” by fighting back against discrimination, possibly lowering their chances of being chosen to adopt
  • legislation against same-sex couples co-adopting
  • lack of social support
84
Q

challenges to donor insemination for same-sex couples

A
  • who to be the biological parent
  • known or unknown donor
  • discrimination in health-care process
85
Q

positive parental resources + examples

A

traits, qualities, characteristics, and abilities of parents, parent-child relationships, family systems, and larger social context that can possibly lift parental stressors
- ex. parental self-efficacy, good mental health, financial resources, external family support, etc.

86
Q

ambiguous loss as a framework for interpreting gender transitions in families (mcguire et al.)

A
  • FOR FAMILY MEMBERS: psychological loss (the presence of the person of that gender is no longer there) and physical loss (the person is psychologically the same but physically different)
  • FOR TRANS PERSONS: physical loss (e.g., unwilling to interact), psychological loss (e.g., ignoring or
    denying the gender transition) or contradictory
    (e.g., abusive regarding the transition).
87
Q

parenting divorce

A

co-parenting relationship continues but becomes more complex
- custody (legal v physical, sole v joint), visitation schedule, rituals/holidays, extended family ties

GOAL: maintain parent-child system ties with little interruption & maintain base level consistency between households

88
Q

what likely contributed to the rise of divorce in the 1960s and 70s?

A
  • rise of individualism, relativism, secularism, and hedonism
  • singlehood, cohabitation, childlessness, and nonmarital sex deemed more acceptable
  • economic factors (women can get along without a husband to provide)
  • individuals (especially women) recognizing that marriage was not meeting their personal needs
  • no-fault divorce law
89
Q

which factors predict male and female infidelity (allen et al.)

A
  • male: sexual
  • female: emotional
90
Q

mindfulness’ impact on ABC-X model

A

changes C: perception!

91
Q

general trends of mental illness in recent years

A
  • general rise since about 2018
  • slightly higher in women than men
  • spike in teens since about 2013, higher for girls than boys
92
Q

treatment for affairs if couple decides to stay together

A
  • stage 1: dealing with the impact of the affair (crisis) - acknowledging hurt and setting boundaries
  • stage 2: finding meaning - what can be learned?
  • stage 3: moving on - forgiveness
93
Q

how child background influences the likelihood of adoption

A
  • age (prefer newborns)
  • prior location (aka foster care)
  • country of origin (prefer same contry)
  • race (prefer same race)
94
Q

healthy functioning for chronically ill children

A
  1. balancing illness with other family needs
  2. maintaining clear boundaries
  3. developing communication and competence
  4. attributing positive meaning to situation
  5. maintaining flexibility
  6. maintaining family cohesiveness
  7. engaging in active coping efforts
  8. maintaining social supports
  9. developing collaborative relationships with professionals
95
Q

definition of stress

A

stress is an agent of change (or the threat of change)
- anticipated vs. reactive stress
- stress as transitory vs. chronic
- stress as random vs. expected

96
Q

family disclosure

A
  • only about 50-60% of youth disclose same-sex attraction to their families
  • parents are almost never the first person youth turn to
  • although same-sex attraction influences the family system, without disclosure the effect is often unrecognized
  • years pass between first thought, knowing for sure, and telling someone
97
Q

resources for coping with infertility

A
  • resource buffering model: families with more resources can “buffer” the stress (Infertility treatments, counseling, etc.)
  • role accumulation: those with multiple role identities will react better to infertility by focusing energy on other roles

sfl 335 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions