Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

evolution > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a reaction norm?

A

describes the sensitivity of an organism or multiple organisms of the same genotype to some specific environmental factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 6 main components of the scientific paradigm shift discussed in class?

A

-earth is old
-change is gradual
-species evolve from other species
-species evolve and go extinct
-variation permits selection
-hypothesis generation/testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Maria Sibylla Merian known for?

A

one of the first true ecologists/entomologists, systemic study of insects and their life cycles, art of plants/insects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What theory is Mary Anning known for?

A

species go extinct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What theories are associated with Charles Lyell?

A

patterns we can observe now explain the past, catastrophism vs uniformitarianism, change is gradual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Who was Georges Cuvier?

A

father of paleontology, extinction occurs, comparative anatomy of vertebrates, opposed ideas that organisms evolved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who was Thomas Malthus?

A

theory of populations, populations show geometric growth, food supply show proportional growth, only so many resources to go around

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What did Carl Linneas develop?

A

binomial nomenclature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What was Jean Lamarck known for?

A

theory of acquired characteristics, law of use/disuse, species change overtime to fit their environment,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who was Charles Darwin?

A

naturalist on the ‘beagle’ right after grad school and studied ‘Darwins Finches’ on the Galapagos, developed theories about evolution, descent with modification, evolution by natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who was Alfred Russel Wallace?

A

similar ideas to Darwin, evolution by natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who was Gregor Mendel?

A

father of genetics, breed peas, develop punnet squares

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is catastrophism?

A

earth features change quickly assuming earth is young

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is uniformitarianism?

A

gradual forces now were also gradual in the past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What were the two major hypotheses proposed by Darwin?

A

-Organisms have descended with modifications from common ancestors
-modification is natural selection acting on hereditary variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the definition of natural selection?

A

process where individuals with certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than those without those traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is fitness?

A

number of offspring an individual leaves in the next generation & ability to survive and reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

human chooses beneficial traits and discards those that are considered undesirable; produces new varieties from a single domesticated species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the ‘selective agent’ in natural selection?

A

nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is meant by hierarchal patterns of similarity when referencing phylogenies?

A

groups of species form hierarchal patterns of similarity (groups within groups) that share a common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the major components of the Modern Synthesis?

A

-variation is produced by sexual reproduction and mutation
-genetic variation produces phenotypic differences
-natural selection can only operate on variable phenotypes
-randomness/genetic drift can also influence gene frequencies
-complex trait evolution is the product of multiple genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is independent progression?

A

organisms have an innate tendency to evolve in a linear fashion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does natural selection proceed?

A

operates on phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What properties of an organism does natural selection operate on?

A

variation, dominance, mutations can be inherited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

at what scale does evolution occur?

A

large scale… over the course of populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a reaction norm?

A

describes the sensitivity of an organism or multiple organisms of the same genotype to some specific environmental factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe the evolution of coat color in beach mice.

A

variation in fur color is caused by mutations in any of the 3 ‘color’ genes; mutations can be inherited; dominant fur color in individuals in a population reflects the environment background color

28
Q

What is directional selection?

A

occurs when conditions favor one extreme of a phenotypic range

29
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes

30
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

removes extremes and keeps intermediate types

31
Q

What is a benefit of stabilizing selection?

A

keeps higher genetic diversity in populations

32
Q

Describe the evolution of Trinidadian guppies.

A

males with bright spots are preferred by predators and female mates; guppies with bright spots evolve in areas with lower predation

33
Q

Describe Lenski’s studies on E. coli evolution.

A

evolved strains have higher fitness in lab environment than ancestors; cell size increased in populations

34
Q

What is an exaptation?

A

a trait/feature that takes on a function that was previously nonexistent

35
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

trait evolved by natural selection to make an organism more fit for its environment

36
Q

What is an example of an adaptation?

A

echolocation in bats

37
Q

What is an example of an exaptation?

A

bird feathers… previously used for temp regulation but evolved to be used for flight

38
Q

How did coat color in beach mice evolve?

A

coat color = heritable; produced by 3 genes; modified by natural selection; dominant fur color of individuals in a population reflects habitat background color

39
Q

Why do useless/vestigial traits exist?

A

species experienced a change in their environment or behavior that make the trait no longer necessary (it would’ve been needed in the past)

40
Q

what is a phylogeny?

A

branching relationships of populations as they give rise to multiple descendant populations over evolutionary time

41
Q

what is allometry?

A

disproportionate changes in size that occur when separate features of an organism are compared across a range of body sizes

42
Q

Why aren’t traits “perfect”?

A

Natural selection is not ‘conscious’ so there is not necessarily a goal; physical constraints

43
Q

what is taxonomy?

A

branch of science concerned with classification

44
Q

what is a clade?

A

monophyletic group of organisms believed to have evolved from a common ancestor

45
Q

what is a cladogram?

A

branch tips aligned; branch lengths don’t matter; shows species relationships

46
Q

what is phylogram?

A

branch tips not aligned; different branch lengths show sequence change (how much evolution has occurred) along each branch;

47
Q

what is a chronograph?

A

branch tips aligned; different branches show actual time rather than evolutionary change

48
Q

what are the taxonomic levels?

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

49
Q

What is an analogous trait?

A

similar looking but not inherited from a common ancestor

50
Q

what is a homologous trait?

A

similar looking and inherited from a common ancestor

50
Q

how can you identify analogous traits?

A

dissimilar anatomy, similar functions, develop in unrelated animals, developmental pattern is not similar

51
Q

how can you identify a homologous trait?

A

similar in anatomy, dissimilar in function, inherited from common ancestor, developmental pattern is similar (divergent evolution)

52
Q

What is the Principal of Parsimony?

A

choose the simplest scientific explanation of the evidence

53
Q

what is divergent evolution?

A

two related species that look alike because they share the same ancestor and they diverge and become different

54
Q

what is convergent evolution?

A

two unrelated species look alike because they are adapted to similar conditions

55
Q

what is an apomorphy?

A

derived trait away from ancestor

56
Q

what is a synapomorphy?

A

derived trait shared by multiple species of common descent

57
Q

what is a derived trait?

A

new trait that the ancestor didn’t have

58
Q

what is a plesiomorphy?

A

an ancestral trait that is unchanged from the ancestral condition

59
Q

what is a symplesiopmorphy?

A

an ancestral character state shared by two or more lineages in a clade

60
Q

what is an ingroup?

A

group of organisms of interest (marsupials, placentals, and monotremes)

61
Q

what is an outgroup?

A

a taxon that is related to the ingroup but not part of it

62
Q

what is a polytomy?

A

when the relationships are uncertain; internal node of a phylogenetic tree when there is uncertainty about evolutionary relationships

63
Q

how are placentals and marsupials related?

A

sister taxa

64
Q

how can we distinguish apomorphies and plesiomorphies?

A

polarize characters using outgroup analysis

65
Q

how to do an outgroup analysis:

A

-compare in group with distant relative (outgroup)
-tail characters are derived or ancestral
-group by shared synapomorphies

evolution (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions