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Forage Crop > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 pillars of sustainable agriculture

A

Environmental health
social and economic equity
economic profitability

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2
Q

Main points of regenerative Agriculture

A

keep soil covered
maintain living root year-round
minimize soil disturbance
integrate livestock
maximize crop diversity

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3
Q

How long does it take to create an inch of soil

A

500-1000 years

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4
Q

How to regenerate carbon

A

putting more soil in the atmosphere
increasing organic matter of soil
building soil lost to erosion

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5
Q

Grassland agriculture

A

proper use of grasslands to feed livestock, wildlife, and maintain natural resources
Wholistic view of ag and pasture

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6
Q

Threats to grassland agriculture

A

drought
fire
urbanization
desertification
water scarcity
meat alternatives
land use change
special interest

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7
Q

Forage nutritive value

A

nutrition facts of the forage
Tells us the potential of a forage to provide a desired response
doesn’t say how the body will use it

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8
Q

Forage quality

A

the animal response

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9
Q

What does quality tell us about nutritive value

A

nothing

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10
Q

Water percentage for most forages is between

A

60-90%

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11
Q

Why does DM matter

A

water does not add nutritive value
sets different forages on the same footing

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12
Q

Fiber in forage is the

A

cell wall

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13
Q

Cell contents contain

A

the good stuff
proteins, lipids, sugar, water

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14
Q

What makes up the fiber of the cell walls

A

cellulose
pectin
hemicellulose
lignin

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15
Q

NDF represents the

A

more digestible fraction of fiber
want a higher NDF

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16
Q

ADF represents the

A

less digestible fraction of fiber
want a lower ADF

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17
Q

ADF includes

A

cellulose and lignin

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18
Q

NDF includes

A

cellulose
hemicellulose
lignin

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19
Q

How does NDF affect digestibility

A

NDF does not determine digestibility
(different lignin content and lignin is not digestible)

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20
Q

dNDF

A

digestible neutral detergent fiber

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21
Q

NDF digestibility is found by

A

dNDF/NDF

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22
Q

CP

A

measure of nitrogen
crude because protein is made of much more than nitrogent

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23
Q

How do we get away with using CP

A

ruminants can use nonprotein nitrogen

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24
Q

Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen

A

indigestible crude protein
N is linked to fiber (lignin)

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25
Q

Why do we not use true digestibility

A

hard and costly to do

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26
Q

Forage are usually around what percentage for true digestibility

A

60% and above
rarely above 90%

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27
Q

Factors affecting nutritive value and forage quality

A

maturity
species
environmental factors
anti-nutritional factors
harvesting and storage methods

28
Q

Most important factor affecting nutritive value and forage quality

A

Maturity of the forage

29
Q

As a plant matures what happens physiologically

A

organelles are crowded out and die
increase in lignin (adds layers to cell wall)
decrease in cell content (good stuff)

30
Q

Where on the plant has the higher nutrient content

A

Leaves but all parts decline as the plant matures

31
Q

Stems have a ____ decline in digestibility

A

higher

32
Q

Early maturity means

A

a higher digestibility

33
Q

Legumes are lower in

A

ADF
good

34
Q

What is the major species of grass in MO

A

Tall Fescue

35
Q

Why do legumes almost always have higher protein content

A

they have the ability to fix nitrogen which turns into protein

36
Q

Digestibility is driven by

A

fiber content

37
Q

Why is it good to be more diverse

A

different species are good at different times
utilize to have good forage at all times

38
Q

What is the most important environmental factor for digestibility

A

temperature

39
Q

The higher the temp the ____ digestibility

A

lower
temperature makes it mature faster when hot

40
Q

Which is more digestible cool or warm season grasses

A

typically cool= temp does not affect maturity as bad
more leaves- leaves are better

41
Q

What are anti-nutritional factors

A

chemical compounds that are produced by the plant and have a negative effect on livestock

42
Q

Signs of anti-nutritional factors

A

decrease in performance- number 1 sign
increase illness
death

43
Q

Why is lignin considered an anti-nutritive factor

A

most cannot digest it so it negatively impacts livestock
Phenolic compound

44
Q

What are the two types of tannins

A

condensed
hydrolysable

45
Q

What tannins are typically used and why

A

condensed because they can be beneficial in moderation but hydrolysable can only be used in very small amounts

46
Q

What is the negative to feeding tannins

A

effect digestibility by latching on to other materials (makes them degrade slowly)

47
Q

Why are hydrolysable tannins dangerous in larger amounts

A

sugar in it makes it highly digestible
lots of phenol in the gut results in bleeding in filter organs (kidney and liver)

48
Q

Benefits of tannins

A

parasite control

49
Q

too many tannins can cause

A

mineral deficiency

50
Q

How do tannins affect methane production

A

lowers emissions
works but at what costs?
lower production= lower digestibility

51
Q

Saponins

A

Stable protein foam
interact with proteins to create foam that traps gas in the rumen
leads to foamy bloat

52
Q

Alkaloids (plant produce)

A

causes central nervous system disorder
largest class and easiest to kill animals
can kill in one feeding

53
Q

Alkaloids (fungal) are called

A

endophytes

54
Q

Endophytes are found

A

inside the plant and produces alkaloids

55
Q

Main toxin of endophytes

A

ergovaline

56
Q

How to prevent endophyte toxicity

A

Do not overgraze (when not reproducing the toxins are at the bottom of the plant)
keep the plant from reproducing by mowing or grazing (seeds are highly toxic)

57
Q

Problem timing for endophyte

A

end of May-June when the plants are going into reproductive stage

58
Q

Other type of endophyte discussed

A

ergot

59
Q

Ergot

A

similar to LSD
Can see it on the plant (black fungi)

60
Q

Main signs of ergot

A

fail to shed winter coat
heat stress
won’t leave the waterer
Can cause vasoconstriction and frostbite in winter (necrosis)

61
Q

Cyanogenic glycosides are also called

A

Prussic acid

62
Q

What type of plants make prussic acid

A

cold/frost stressed
young immature plants

63
Q

How does Prussic Acid become toxic

A

Sugar based compound with a CN
CN gets released- Cyanide then gets metabolized

64
Q

Mode of action for prussic acid

A

disrupts cellular respiration
no ATP- heart muscle can’t do its job so no blood is given to the brain through blood
Can also cause nitrate toxicity because there is no water in the cells to metabolize it

65
Q

Nitrate is found

A

parts closest to the ground
decreases w/ maturity
fertilization
frost and draught

66
Q

How does nitrate become toxic

A

gets metabolized to ammonia
microbials can’t handle load
absorbed in blood as nitrites
disrupts hemoglobin ability to grab oxygen
no oxygen for brain

67
Q
A

Forage Crop (2 decks)

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