Exam 1 Flashcards by Tanner Tipton

3 pillars of sustainable agriculture

Environmental health
social and economic equity
economic profitability

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Main points of regenerative Agriculture

keep soil covered
maintain living root year-round
minimize soil disturbance
integrate livestock
maximize crop diversity

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How long does it take to create an inch of soil

500-1000 years

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How to regenerate carbon

putting more soil in the atmosphere
increasing organic matter of soil
building soil lost to erosion

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Grassland agriculture

proper use of grasslands to feed livestock, wildlife, and maintain natural resources
Wholistic view of ag and pasture

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Threats to grassland agriculture

drought
fire
urbanization
desertification
water scarcity
meat alternatives
land use change
special interest

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Forage nutritive value

nutrition facts of the forage
Tells us the potential of a forage to provide a desired response
doesn’t say how the body will use it

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Forage quality

the animal response

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What does quality tell us about nutritive value

nothing

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Water percentage for most forages is between

60-90%

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Why does DM matter

water does not add nutritive value
sets different forages on the same footing

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Fiber in forage is the

cell wall

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Cell contents contain

the good stuff
proteins, lipids, sugar, water

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What makes up the fiber of the cell walls

cellulose
pectin
hemicellulose
lignin

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NDF represents the

more digestible fraction of fiber
want a higher NDF

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ADF represents the

less digestible fraction of fiber
want a lower ADF

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ADF includes

cellulose and lignin

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NDF includes

cellulose
hemicellulose
lignin

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How does NDF affect digestibility

NDF does not determine digestibility
(different lignin content and lignin is not digestible)

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dNDF

digestible neutral detergent fiber

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NDF digestibility is found by

dNDF/NDF

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measure of nitrogen
crude because protein is made of much more than nitrogent

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How do we get away with using CP

ruminants can use nonprotein nitrogen

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Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen

indigestible crude protein
N is linked to fiber (lignin)

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Why do we not use true digestibility

hard and costly to do

Forage are usually around what percentage for true digestibility

60% and above rarely above 90%

Factors affecting nutritive value and forage quality

maturity species environmental factors anti-nutritional factors harvesting and storage methods

Most important factor affecting nutritive value and forage quality

Maturity of the forage

As a plant matures what happens physiologically

organelles are crowded out and die increase in lignin (adds layers to cell wall) decrease in cell content (good stuff)

Where on the plant has the higher nutrient content

Leaves but all parts decline as the plant matures

Stems have a ____ decline in digestibility

higher

Early maturity means

a higher digestibility

Legumes are lower in

ADF good

What is the major species of grass in MO

Tall Fescue

Why do legumes almost always have higher protein content

they have the ability to fix nitrogen which turns into protein

Digestibility is driven by

fiber content

Why is it good to be more diverse

different species are good at different times utilize to have good forage at all times

What is the most important environmental factor for digestibility

temperature

The higher the temp the ____ digestibility

lower temperature makes it mature faster when hot

Which is more digestible cool or warm season grasses

typically cool= temp does not affect maturity as bad more leaves- leaves are better

What are anti-nutritional factors

chemical compounds that are produced by the plant and have a negative effect on livestock

Signs of anti-nutritional factors

decrease in performance- number 1 sign increase illness death

Why is lignin considered an anti-nutritive factor

most cannot digest it so it negatively impacts livestock Phenolic compound

What are the two types of tannins

condensed hydrolysable

What tannins are typically used and why

condensed because they can be beneficial in moderation but hydrolysable can only be used in very small amounts

What is the negative to feeding tannins

effect digestibility by latching on to other materials (makes them degrade slowly)

Why are hydrolysable tannins dangerous in larger amounts

sugar in it makes it highly digestible lots of phenol in the gut results in bleeding in filter organs (kidney and liver)

Benefits of tannins

parasite control

too many tannins can cause

mineral deficiency

How do tannins affect methane production

lowers emissions works but at what costs? lower production= lower digestibility

Saponins

Stable protein foam interact with proteins to create foam that traps gas in the rumen leads to foamy bloat

Alkaloids (plant produce)

causes central nervous system disorder largest class and easiest to kill animals can kill in one feeding

Alkaloids (fungal) are called

endophytes

Endophytes are found

inside the plant and produces alkaloids

Main toxin of endophytes

ergovaline

How to prevent endophyte toxicity

Do not overgraze (when not reproducing the toxins are at the bottom of the plant) keep the plant from reproducing by mowing or grazing (seeds are highly toxic)

Problem timing for endophyte

end of May-June when the plants are going into reproductive stage

Other type of endophyte discussed

ergot

Ergot

similar to LSD Can see it on the plant (black fungi)

Main signs of ergot

fail to shed winter coat heat stress won't leave the waterer Can cause vasoconstriction and frostbite in winter (necrosis)

Cyanogenic glycosides are also called

Prussic acid

What type of plants make prussic acid

cold/frost stressed young immature plants

How does Prussic Acid become toxic

Sugar based compound with a CN CN gets released- Cyanide then gets metabolized

Mode of action for prussic acid

disrupts cellular respiration no ATP- heart muscle can't do its job so no blood is given to the brain through blood Can also cause nitrate toxicity because there is no water in the cells to metabolize it

Nitrate is found

parts closest to the ground decreases w/ maturity fertilization frost and draught

How does nitrate become toxic

gets metabolized to ammonia microbials can't handle load absorbed in blood as nitrites disrupts hemoglobin ability to grab oxygen no oxygen for brain