Exam 1 Flashcards
Anatomical Orientation
Terminology used when describing the location where evidence was found
1. superior vs. inferior
2. medial vs. lateral
3. dorsal vs. ventral
4. proximal vs. distal
Antony Von Leeuwenhoek
made the simple microscope spheres of ground molten glass
Hans and Zacharias Janssen
3 tube , 2 lense microscope (compound microscope)
Robert Hooke
Invented modern micrscope and used it to see cells
Carl Zeiss
Built microscope with Ernest Abbe, the Stereo-microscope ; Zeiss Microscope
august Kohler
developed Kohler illumination
Kohler Illlumination Steps
- Focus on whats on the slide and make sure condenser 0.5 cm from the bottom of the coverslip
- close the field diaphram until you see a circle
- move condenser up and down until the edges of the circle become sharp like a hexagon
- center condenser
- open the field diaphram
- take out one of the eye pieces and focus the back field by adjusting the substage aperature
Visible light
red: 750-620
orange: 620-580
yellow: 580-570
green: 570-500
blue: 495-450
indigo: 450-425
Violet: 450-380
Electromagnetic spectrum
longest wavelength to shortest; longer equals less energy while shorter means more energy
Converging Lenses
Lenses that produce a real image that you can see, wider middle
Diverging lenses
Lenses that produce a virtual image apart of the image forming plane, thin middle
Lens Formula
1/f = 1/p + 1/q
Magnification formula
m = q/p
Reduction
p/q (1/Magnification)
How compound microscopes form images
- Specimen is illuminated from below, this light goes into the objective lens
- Objective lens produce a real, inverted image
- This image form is then inverted again in the microscope tube
- Eye piece magnifies this real image and projects a virtual image onto the viewer’s eyes.
Back focal plane of objective
Plane behind the objective lense
Conjugate focal planes
optical planes responsible for image forming and illumination
List the Image-forming ray planes that should be in conjugate focus in order to ensure good Kohler illumination.
Field diaphragm, specimen, eyepiece field stop, and retina or the eye or film plane.
List the Illuminating-forming ray planes that should in conjugate focus in order to ensure good Kohler illumination.
Light source, substage condenser, aperture diaphragm, the back focal plane of the objective lens and eyepoint of the eyepiece.
Least distance of vision?
25 cm.; least distance which the eye can see
Stereoscope
to help view at two images separately
Angular Aperture
maximum angle made by the image forming light rays
Infinity optics
light emitted through the objective that does not form an image at a certain distance.
Color temperature
color characteristics of light based on temperature, warmer is redder while hotter is bluer
Numerical Aperture (NA)
range of angles that emit or allow light in. Tied with resolving power, higher resolving power means higher NA is desired
NA equation
NA = nSin(AA/2)
NA= nsinu
n = refraction
u = angle formed
aa = angular aperture