Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical Orientation

A

Terminology used when describing the location where evidence was found
1. superior vs. inferior
2. medial vs. lateral
3. dorsal vs. ventral
4. proximal vs. distal

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2
Q

Antony Von Leeuwenhoek

A

made the simple microscope spheres of ground molten glass

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3
Q

Hans and Zacharias Janssen

A

3 tube , 2 lense microscope (compound microscope)

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4
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Invented modern micrscope and used it to see cells

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5
Q

Carl Zeiss

A

Built microscope with Ernest Abbe, the Stereo-microscope ; Zeiss Microscope

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6
Q

august Kohler

A

developed Kohler illumination

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7
Q

Kohler Illlumination Steps

A
  1. Focus on whats on the slide and make sure condenser 0.5 cm from the bottom of the coverslip
  2. close the field diaphram until you see a circle
  3. move condenser up and down until the edges of the circle become sharp like a hexagon
  4. center condenser
  5. open the field diaphram
  6. take out one of the eye pieces and focus the back field by adjusting the substage aperature
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8
Q

Visible light

A

red: 750-620
orange: 620-580
yellow: 580-570
green: 570-500
blue: 495-450
indigo: 450-425
Violet: 450-380

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9
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

longest wavelength to shortest; longer equals less energy while shorter means more energy

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10
Q

Converging Lenses

A

Lenses that produce a real image that you can see, wider middle

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11
Q

Diverging lenses

A

Lenses that produce a virtual image apart of the image forming plane, thin middle

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12
Q

Lens Formula

A

1/f = 1/p + 1/q

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13
Q

Magnification formula

A

m = q/p

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14
Q

Reduction

A

p/q (1/Magnification)

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15
Q

How compound microscopes form images

A
  1. Specimen is illuminated from below, this light goes into the objective lens
  2. Objective lens produce a real, inverted image
  3. This image form is then inverted again in the microscope tube
  4. Eye piece magnifies this real image and projects a virtual image onto the viewer’s eyes.
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16
Q

Back focal plane of objective

A

Plane behind the objective lense

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17
Q

Conjugate focal planes

A

optical planes responsible for image forming and illumination

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18
Q

List the Image-forming ray planes that should be in conjugate focus in order to ensure good Kohler illumination.

A

Field diaphragm, specimen, eyepiece field stop, and retina or the eye or film plane.

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19
Q

List the Illuminating-forming ray planes that should in conjugate focus in order to ensure good Kohler illumination.

A

Light source, substage condenser, aperture diaphragm, the back focal plane of the objective lens and eyepoint of the eyepiece.

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20
Q

Least distance of vision?

A

25 cm.; least distance which the eye can see

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21
Q

Stereoscope

A

to help view at two images separately

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22
Q

Angular Aperture

A

maximum angle made by the image forming light rays

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23
Q

Infinity optics

A

light emitted through the objective that does not form an image at a certain distance.

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24
Q

Color temperature

A

color characteristics of light based on temperature, warmer is redder while hotter is bluer

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25
Q

Numerical Aperture (NA)

A

range of angles that emit or allow light in. Tied with resolving power, higher resolving power means higher NA is desired

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26
Q

NA equation

A

NA = nSin(AA/2)
NA= nsinu
n = refraction
u = angle formed
aa = angular aperture

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27
Q

Field Diaphragm

A

limit the area of illumination to the part of the image field actually being viewed

28
Q

Condenser

A

provides converging cone of light

29
Q

substage aperture

A

allows control of specimen contrast and image quality by controlling angle of illumination

30
Q

Objective lens

A

capture light emitted or reflected by the specimen

31
Q

Ocular lens

A

magnifies image produced by the objective so you can see it

32
Q

Plan

A

Flat field optical corrections

33
Q

Oil

A

Oil immersion

34
Q

N.A

A

Numerical aperture

35
Q

Infinity symbol

A

infinity corrected tube length

36
Q

Cover glass thickness

A

0.17 mm

37
Q

Working Distance

A

distance between objective front lens and the cover slip, WD decrease, magnification increases

38
Q

Tube Length

A

length of microscope body tube from nosepiece to objective

39
Q

airy’s disk

A

sin (a) = 1.22(lambda)/d; when parallel light shone thru a lens form diffraction patterns and shows rings of light.

40
Q

Abbe’s rule of thumb

A

maximum useful magnification equals NA*1000, excess results in empty magnification

41
Q

Max and min magnification formulas

A

max: NA * 1000
min: NA * 500

42
Q

Index of Refraction equation

A

RI = Speed of light in air / speed of light in substance

43
Q

Snell’s law

A

n = sin(i)/ sin(r)

44
Q

Reflection is when

A

Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection

45
Q

specular vs diffuse reflection

A

specular is on smooth surfaces and light rays reflect at the same angle. Diffuse is on rougher surfaces and scatters light rays in different directions

46
Q

Refraction

A

Bending of light through a medium into another due to a change in the speed of light ray or the wave

47
Q

Dispersion equation

A

Nd-1/Nf-Nc

48
Q

Critical Angle

A

smallest incident angle where inflection occurs

48
Q

Dispersion Curve

A

refractive index vs wavelength, at some point the grain and oil intersect

49
Q

Becke line dispersion

A

Higher RI particle than medium, line moves inwards. Lower RI than medium then line moves outwards

50
Q

Oblique illumination method

A

When you cover half of the field diaphragm and see where the shadow lies. RI on same side means particle is higher while on opposite side means RI is lower.

51
Q

Resolution

A

resolving two points when they’re close together

52
Q

Calibrated ocular micrometer

A

micrometers per ocular scale division

53
Q

Stage micrometer

A

Slide with with the ruler on it

54
Q

GRIM 3

A

modern microscope used in most crime labs

55
Q

Aberration

A

changes in focal points based on where waves entered

56
Q

Spherical aberration

A

Focal points change depending where light enters the lens

57
Q

Chromatic Aberration

A

Each color refracts differently

58
Q

Curvature of Field

A

Image is focused on one particular plane and produced a curved image. can be corrected using an expensive lens or the poor man’s method (closing down in the edges)

59
Q

Barrel Distortion

A

Barrel magnification decreases as you go out

60
Q

Pin cushion distortion

A

Magnification increases as you go out

61
Q

Astigmatism

A

eye is shaped different internally which causes light to bend differently when it enters your eyes.

62
Q

Diffraction equation

A

n(lambda)=dSin(theta)

63
Q

Abbe’s diffraction Theory of Image Formation

A

0.5)(lambda)/NA

64
Q

Lord Rayleigh’s Criteria

A

0.61(lambda)/NA

65
Q
  1. How should you measure the thickness of a strongly trilobal fiber?
A

You measure from the middle to the ends.