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NEURO 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

vestibular system function

A

Estimates body position and movement
Postural control
Control of eye movements

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2
Q

3 functions of peripheral vestibular system

A

Stabilize visual images on the fovea of the retina during head movement allow for clear vision
Maintain postural stability, especially during movement of head
Provide information for spatial orientation

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3
Q

otolith organ parts

A

utricle
saccule

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4
Q

3 semicircular canals

A

Anterior Canal
Posterior Canal
Horizontal Canal

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5
Q

utricle

A

detects movement in the horizontal plane

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6
Q

saccule

A

detects movement in the vertical plane

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7
Q

otolith organ function

A

gravity dependent system that relays information
acceleration/deceleration of the head/neck and static head position

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8
Q

Movement of stereocilia towards kinocilium

A

excitatory

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9
Q

Movement of stereocilia away from kinocilium

A

inhibitory

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10
Q

otoconia

A

layer on top of otolith organ
calcium carbonarte crystals
heavier system that makes it more sensitive to head tilts

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11
Q

ampulla

A

bulbous end of one canal
contains cupula
sensitive to angular movements only

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12
Q

cupula

A

houses stereocilia

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13
Q

TOWARDS utricle

A

“Utriculopedal cupular displacement”

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14
Q

AWAY from utricle

A

“Utriculofugal cupular displacement”

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15
Q

pitch

A

nodding head (flex/ext)

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16
Q

yaw

A

left right shaking

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17
Q

roll

A

lateral side bend

18
Q

vestibulospinal reflex purpose

A

Generation of compensatory body movements to maintain head and postural stability

19
Q

steps of VSR

A
  1. Head tilts to side
  2. Ipsilateral SCC/otolith excitation
  3. ↑ Input from vestibular nerve 🡪 vestibular nuclei ipsilaterally
  4. MVST/LVST descending drive to truncal muscles
  5. ↑ Lateral truncal extension ipsilaterally/ ↑ truncal flexion contralaterally
20
Q

cervico-ocular reflex

A

Interacts closely with VOR
Can supplement VOR under certain circumstances
Eye movements driven by neck proprioceptors

21
Q

Cervicospinal reflex

A

Changes in limb position driven by neck afferent activity
Can supplement VSR under certain circumstances

22
Q

Cervicocollic reflex

A

Helps stabilize head on body
Afferent input caused by changes in neck position (stretch) –> contralateral reflexive contraction of appropriate neck muscles

23
Q

causes of vestibulopathy

A

inflammation
bacteria
virus
trauma
ischemia

24
Q

otolith involvement in vestibular hypofunction

A

impaired orientation to static head position and linear acceleration/deceleration
→ motion sickness, visual impairments, imbalance, nausea/vomiting

25
Q

semicircular canal involvement with vestibular hypofunction

A

impaired VOR
→ NYSTAGMUS, imbalance, nausea/vomiting

26
Q

smooth pursuit

A

voluntary
slow following of a target
1-2 Hz

27
Q

saccades

A

voluntary
rapid repositioning of target

28
Q

VOR

A

involuntary
eye position in relation to head movement

29
Q

optokinematic

A

involuntary
percieves motion in visual field
supplements VOR to stabilize vision

30
Q

nystagmus

A

ABNORMAL VISUAL FINDING
SPINNING= CARDINAL SIGN

31
Q

retrocochlear pathology

A

unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, impaired speech recognition
more damage of CN VIII or CNS structures

neuroma, MS

32
Q

ear canal and tympanic membrane integrity

A

CONDUCTIVE LOSS
variety of causes

33
Q

ENG

A

electrodes placed around the eye to measure the VOR via muscular activation

34
Q

VNG

A

more commonly utilized than ENG
utilizes video goggles to monitor eye movement and VOR

35
Q

caloric testing

A

GOLD STANDARD for peripheral vestibular hypofunction

36
Q

COWS

A

Cold irrigations generate nystagmus in the Opposite direction, Warm irrigations generate nystagmus in the Same direction

37
Q

cVEMP

A

measures saccular function via VST
Measurement of reflexive SCM ipsilaterally response to sound

38
Q

oVEMP

A

measures utricle function via MLF
Measurement of reflexive inferior oblique contralaterally to air or bone conducted sound

39
Q

rotational chair test

A

gold standard for dx of bilateral vestibular hypofunction

if bilateral hypofunction–> no VOR observed

40
Q

major red flags

A

severe HA
rapid hearing decline
dysarthria, dysphagia, aphasia
incoordination
diplopia
cognitive changes
urinary incontinence
acute weakness
decreased consciousness

41
Q
A

NEURO 2 (6 decks)

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