Exam 1

Question 1

vestibular system function

Answer 1

Estimates body position and movement
Postural control
Control of eye movements

Question 2

3 functions of peripheral vestibular system

Answer 2

Stabilize visual images on the fovea of the retina during head movement allow for clear vision
Maintain postural stability, especially during movement of head
Provide information for spatial orientation

Question 3

otolith organ parts

Answer 3

utricle
saccule

Question 4

3 semicircular canals

Answer 4

Anterior Canal
Posterior Canal
Horizontal Canal

Question 5

utricle

Answer 5

detects movement in the horizontal plane

Question 6

saccule

Answer 6

detects movement in the vertical plane

Question 7

otolith organ function

Answer 7

gravity dependent system that relays information
acceleration/deceleration of the head/neck and static head position

Question 8

Movement of stereocilia towards kinocilium

Answer 8

excitatory

Question 9

Movement of stereocilia away from kinocilium

Answer 9

inhibitory

Question 10

otoconia

Answer 10

layer on top of otolith organ
calcium carbonarte crystals
heavier system that makes it more sensitive to head tilts

Question 11

ampulla

Answer 11

bulbous end of one canal
contains cupula
sensitive to angular movements only

Question 12

cupula

Answer 12

houses stereocilia

Question 13

TOWARDS utricle

Answer 13

“Utriculopedal cupular displacement”

Question 14

AWAY from utricle

Answer 14

“Utriculofugal cupular displacement”

Question 15

pitch

Answer 15

nodding head (flex/ext)

Question 16

yaw

Answer 16

left right shaking

Question 17

roll

Answer 17

lateral side bend

Question 18

vestibulospinal reflex purpose

Answer 18

Generation of compensatory body movements to maintain head and postural stability

Question 19

steps of VSR

Answer 19

1. Head tilts to side
2. Ipsilateral SCC/otolith excitation
3. ↑ Input from vestibular nerve 🡪 vestibular nuclei ipsilaterally
4. MVST/LVST descending drive to truncal muscles
5. ↑ Lateral truncal extension ipsilaterally/ ↑ truncal flexion contralaterally

Question 20

cervico-ocular reflex

Answer 20

Interacts closely with VOR
Can supplement VOR under certain circumstances
Eye movements driven by neck proprioceptors

Question 21

Cervicospinal reflex

Answer 21

Changes in limb position driven by neck afferent activity
Can supplement VSR under certain circumstances

Question 22

Cervicocollic reflex

Answer 22

Helps stabilize head on body
Afferent input caused by changes in neck position (stretch) –> contralateral reflexive contraction of appropriate neck muscles

Question 23

causes of vestibulopathy

Answer 23

inflammation
bacteria
virus
trauma
ischemia

Question 24

otolith involvement in vestibular hypofunction

Answer 24

impaired orientation to static head position and linear acceleration/deceleration
→ motion sickness, visual impairments, imbalance, nausea/vomiting

Question 25

semicircular canal involvement with vestibular hypofunction

Answer 25

impaired VOR → NYSTAGMUS, imbalance, nausea/vomiting

Question 26

smooth pursuit

Answer 26

voluntary slow following of a target 1-2 Hz

Question 27

saccades

Answer 27

voluntary rapid repositioning of target

Question 28

VOR

Answer 28

involuntary eye position in relation to head movement

Question 29

optokinematic

Answer 29

involuntary percieves motion in visual field supplements VOR to stabilize vision

Question 30

nystagmus

Answer 30

ABNORMAL VISUAL FINDING SPINNING= CARDINAL SIGN

Question 31

retrocochlear pathology

Answer 31

unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, impaired speech recognition more damage of CN VIII or CNS structures neuroma, MS

Question 32

ear canal and tympanic membrane integrity

Answer 32

CONDUCTIVE LOSS variety of causes

Question 33

ENG

Answer 33

electrodes placed around the eye to measure the VOR via muscular activation

Question 34

VNG

Answer 34

more commonly utilized than ENG utilizes video goggles to monitor eye movement and VOR

Question 35

caloric testing

Answer 35

GOLD STANDARD for peripheral vestibular hypofunction

Question 36

COWS

Answer 36

Cold irrigations generate nystagmus in the Opposite direction, Warm irrigations generate nystagmus in the Same direction

Question 37

cVEMP

Answer 37

measures saccular function via VST Measurement of reflexive SCM ipsilaterally response to sound

Question 38

oVEMP

Answer 38

measures utricle function via MLF Measurement of reflexive inferior oblique contralaterally to air or bone conducted sound

Question 39

rotational chair test

Answer 39

gold standard for dx of bilateral vestibular hypofunction if bilateral hypofunction--> no VOR observed

Question 40

major red flags

Answer 40

severe HA rapid hearing decline dysarthria, dysphagia, aphasia incoordination diplopia cognitive changes urinary incontinence acute weakness decreased consciousness