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Form And function > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Atoms –> Molecules –> _______ –> Cells –> _____ –> Organs –> Organ Systems –> Organism

A

Organelles, Tissues

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2
Q

Organelle responsible for DNA storage and transcription

A

Nucleus

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3
Q

Organelle responsible for ATP production

A

Mitochondrion

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4
Q

What type of organelle is self-replicating and how

A

Mitochondrion because of mtDNA

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5
Q

Organelle studded with ribosomes, which synthesize proteins

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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6
Q

Organelle responsible for lipid and steroid synthesis and detoxifies the cell

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

Organelle responsible for packaging proteins in membrane-bound vesicles for transport (destination based on sugar tag)

A

Golgi apparatus

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8
Q

Organelle responsible for hydrolyzing substance
(mostly proteins) that
cross the cell membrane (full of enzymes in acidic environment)

A

Lysosome

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9
Q

Organelle responsible for
degrading fatty acids
and ROS molecules

A

Peroxisome

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10
Q

ROS stands for

A

Reactive oxygen species; highly damaging to cells in abundance

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11
Q

Exclusion, Consumption, ______, and Communication are functions of the cell membrane

A

Excretion

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12
Q

In the phospholipid bilayer, hydrophilic heads are ______-charged and hydrophobic tails are _______charged

A

negatively, positively

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13
Q

Purpose of cholesterol in the bilayer

A

Helps maintain
fluidity of membrane in
fluctuating
temperatures

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14
Q

_______ proteins have at
least one hydrophobic
region that keeps them
anchored to the _______ of
the membrane

A

Integral, interior

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15
Q

purpose of peripheral proteins

A

Facilitate communication and coordination
between cells

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16
Q

What is special about Carbohydrates with their intercellular communication and recognition role?

A

Particularly important for immune
system function!

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17
Q

______ ________ is a form of passive transport that requires a membrane transport channel
protein

A

Facilitated diffusion

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18
Q

What is the difference between Primary and Secondary active transport?

A

Primary requires the DIRECT use of ATP for energy and Secondary requires primary active transport to establish the necessary gradients for a second type of particle to move against its gradient

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19
Q

Symporters and Antiporters are examples of what type of transport?

A

Secondary Active Transport

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20
Q

List the 3 protein filament types of the cytoskeleton from largest in diameter to smallest.

A
  1. Microtubules
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microfilaments (aka actin filaments)
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21
Q

Filament who’s functions include cellular movement, structure, and tracks for cellular transport

A

Microfilament (actin filaments)

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22
Q

Filament in the cytoskeleton that bears tension and maintains cell shape

A

Intermediate Filaments

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23
Q

Filament in the cytoskeleton that resists compression forces and aids in vesicular transport…and what else does it do?

A

Microtubules….form the spindle during mitosis

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24
Q

Cell adhesion type with donut-shaped rings of transmembrane proteins (forms aqueous channel)

A

Gap Junctions

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25
Q

Cell adhesion type that allows for synchronized action (in heart muscle cells, uterine muscle, etc)

A

Gap Junctions

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26
Q

Cell adhesion type with connection points between cell creating a waterproof, impermeable barrier (+ provide an example)

A

Tight Junctions ; epithelial lining of bladder

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27
Q

Cell adhesion type with complexes of proteins that allow tissue to stretch without tearing (“spot welds”) and provide an example

A

Desmosomes; Keratinocytes

28
Q

What does the Endoderm differentiate further into?

A
  1. Inner (lumenal) linings of GI tract
  2. Thymus
  3. Liver
  4. Pancreas
29
Q

What does the Mesoderm differentiate further into?

A
  1. Muscle tissue (all types)
  2. Blood vessels
  3. Bone
  4. Connective tissues
  5. Endocrine glands
  6. Kidneys
  7. Urogenital organs
  8. Gonads
  9. Blood cells
30
Q

What does the Ectoderm differentiate further into?

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Hair
  3. Nails/hooves
  4. Nasal cavity
  5. Sinuses
  6. Mouth and teeth
  7. Anus
  8. Nervous system
31
Q

Mesenchymal tissue originates from what germ cell layer

A

Mesoderm

32
Q

Epithelial tissue originates from what germ cell layers

A

Ectoderm and Endoderm

33
Q

Does the epithelia or the mesenchyme include bone, muscle, blood cells, and vessels

A

mesenchyme

34
Q

Define mesenchyme

A

Create connective tissue to support epithelia (some produce extracellular matrix)

35
Q

Collagen and osteoids are examples of

A

mesenchyme; extracellular matrix

36
Q

T/F Myocytes are examples of epithelial cells

A

FALSE!! mesenchymal :)

37
Q

Epithelia or Mesenchyme? Polygonal shape, cohesive nature, and secretory properties

A

Epithelia

38
Q

Epithelia or Mesenchyme? Round/spindle/stellate shape, extracellular matrix production

A

Mesenchyme

39
Q

Which of the following best describes the meaning of the term “lymphadenomegaly”?
A) Inflammation of the lymph node
B) Increased size of the lymph node
C) Increased number of lymph nodes
D) Swelling of the lymph node

A

B) Increased size of the lymph node

40
Q

Which of the following terms indicates abnormal growth of tissue?
A) Splenic aplasia
B) Chondrodysplasia
C) Nephrosis
D) Vasculopathy

A

B) Chondrodysplasia

41
Q

Where are Simple squamous epithelium tissues found?

A

Places where simple diffusion is required.
ex) walls of blood vessels, alveoli of lungs

42
Q

T/F : epithelia are AVASCULAR

A

TRUE! they do have a high cell turnover tho

43
Q

Where are Simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A

Lining secretory surfaces and ducts that conduct secretions
ex) ducts of small exocrine glands, walls of renal tubules

44
Q

Where are Simple columnar
epithelium found?

A

Lining secretory and/or absorptive surfaces
ex) lining of the stomach and small intestine

45
Q

Where are Stratified squamous epithelium found?

A

Where physical abrasion is common
ex) epidermis
(basal layers thicker and apical layers sometimes karatinized)

46
Q

Where are Stratified cuboidal epithelium found?

A

lining large ducts of exocrine glands and mammary glands to protect against chemical abrasion and contribute to secretion (relatively rare tissue!)

47
Q

Where are Stratified columnar epithelium found?

A

(rare) in the male urethra ; aid in secretion and protection

48
Q

Where are Pseudostratified
columnar epithelium found?

A

Typically with mucus secreting cells (bc goblet cells!!)
ex) trachea, upper respiratory tract
*the basilar surface of EVERY cell touches the basement membrane

49
Q

Where is Transitional epithelium found?

A

Where stretching occurs! ex) the lining of the bladder
*apical surface typically has “scalloped” appearance

50
Q

_______ are arranged in parallel, like a brush (“brush border”), and contribute to absorption

A

Microvilli

51
Q

____ are an apical modification that are wider in diameter than microvilli and highly motile, move mucus or other lumenal secretions

A

Cilia (aka kinocilia)

52
Q

_______ are very long microvilli that are non-motile and also contribute to absorption

A

Stereocilia

53
Q

Exocrine glands are derived from ______ cells, and secrete substances onto an _______ surface by way of a _____

A

epithelial, epithelial, duct

54
Q

Merocrine glands: secretion via ________

A

exocytosis
(ex, eccrine sweat, salivary)

55
Q

Apocrine glands: secretion via apical
membrane _________

A

budding/pinching
(ex : mammary, apocrine sweat glands)

56
Q

Holocrine glands: secretion via complete cell _______

A

rupture
(ex : sebaceous glands)

57
Q

Cell type responsible for collagen fiber and
ground substance production

A

Fibroblast

58
Q

Cell type located in lymphoid organs and bone marrow and make fiber of type III collagen

A

Reticular cells

59
Q

______fat
* Smaller cell with
multiple lipid droplets
(multilocular)
* Central round nucleus
* Found in early
development and in
hibernating animals

A

Brown

60
Q

_____fat
* Large cell with single lipid
droplet (unilocular)
* Eccentric nucleus
* Lipid not visible with
routine slide prep

A

White

61
Q

Collagen fibers: very common in
most connective tissue types;
provide______ strength

A

tensile

62
Q

What is notable about each type of collagen fiber?

A
  • Type I: most common; stains
    orange to orange-pink with H&E
  • Type II: found in cartilage only
  • Type III: aka reticular fibers,
    forms fibrous meshes in organs
63
Q

______ is the acellular space
that fills between cells and fibers, acts as
“glue” and is mostly water filled with GAGs

A

Ground substance

64
Q

5 types of connective tissue proper and an example of each

A
  • Loose irregular (areolar) : superficial fascia
  • Adipose : white/brown fat
  • Reticular : stromata of spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow
  • Dense irregular : dermis, fibrous capsules of joints
  • Dense regular : muscle tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
65
Q
A

Form And function (4 decks)

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