Exam 1 Flashcards
Mental health continuum
Shows how functioning may change over time
Diathesis-stress model
Diathesis represents biological predisposition and stress represents environmental stress/trauma
Mental health parity
Equality of funding from insurance companies for mental health
Epidemiology
Helps identify high risk groups and behaviors and causes of some behaviors
Prevalance rates
Identify proportion of population experiencing a specific mental disorder at a given time
DSM-5
Criteria for psychiatric disorders and appropriate interventions
Standardized nursing classification system
Used to form and communicate patient problems
Institute of medicine (IOM) & quality and safety education of medicine (QSEN)
Made mandates to prepare future nurses with knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary for quality and safety - includes the 6 competencies of nursing
6 competencies of nursing
Patient centered care
Teamwork and collaboration
Evidence based practice
Quality improvement
Safety
Informatics
Therapeutic use of self
Using personal personality traits to promote healing in others
Values
An ideal, positive or negative, of what is important in life
Ex. Self resilience, honesty, cleanliness, organization, justice, respect, healthy lifestyle
Opinion/conviction
Something you hold to be true, confidence, trust, or faith, religious tenets or creed
Transference
Pt views nurse as being similar to someone they know
Countertramsference
Pt reminds the nurse of someone they know
Paplaus Preorientation phase
Obtain info about pt, examine one’s own feelings
Paplaus Orientation phase
Introduction, establish rapport, specifying a contract, explaining confidentiality
Paplaus working phase
Increased levels of anxiety and recognize dysfunctional responses
Identify and explore areas that are causing problems in pts life and evaluate coping mechanisms
Paplaus termination phase
Summarizes goals and objectives that have been achieved
Exchange memories to validate experience and facilitate closure
Psychotherapy
Group of theoretically based therapies used by ARNPs
Empathy
Understanding the feelings of others
Sympathy
Felling pity for others BAD
Content level of communication
Verbal speech
Process level of communication
Nonverbal behavior
Personal factors that can affect communication
Psychiatric disorder
Environmental factors of communication
Noise
lack of privacy
Relationship factors of communication
Equality
Difference in power
Beliefs
Opinions
Religions
Trust
Faith
Nontherapeutic communication
Excessive questioning
Giving approval/disapproval
Giving advice
Asking why questions
Kinesic communication
Nonverbal communication made by body movements, facial expressions, body posture and gestures
Vocal quality/paralanguage
Volume pitch, rate and fluency
Improves rapport and demonstrates empathy
Proxemics
Significance of physical distance between individuals
Intimate distance
18 in
Who we trust the most/ feel safe
Personal distance
18in-4ft
Friends/colleagues
Social distance
4-12 ft
Strangers/acquaintances
Public spaces/ social gatherings
Public distance
12ft or more
Public speaking
Party may move while speaking
Resilience
Effective on not focusing on negative thoughts
Stigma
Belief that overall person is flawed
Social shunning, disgrace, shame
Comorbidity
Presence of 2 or more disorders
Channel
Method where communication takes place (in person, telephone)
Encode
Develops messages
Decode
Determine meaning of message
Psychological noise
Mind is preoccupied with other thoughts
Physiological noise
Illness, HA, or fatigue that can impact communication
Double bind messages
Saying one thing but body language is saying another thing
No-win situation
Paraphrasing technique
Restating what a pt says to confirm or interpret the message
Restating technique
Restating something the pt said to potentially gain more info
Ex. Pt- “I feel empty”
Nurse- “you feel empty?”
Reflecting technique
Pt states how they think another person views them and the nurse counters with another question and makes pt aware of their inner feelings
Exploring technique
Asking questions to get more info about something
Projective questions
Usually start with “what if…”
Freuds Id
Instincts, reflexes, and needs
Lacks ability to problem solve and illogical
Freuds Ego
Problem solver and reality tester
Differentiates subjective experiences, memory images, and objective reality
Freuds superego
Develops between 3-5 yrs old
Moral component of personality
Aware of the should and should nots
Pride and guilt
Oral stage of development
0-1yrs
Mouth sucking, biting, chewing
Anal stage of development
1-3yrs old
Toilet training
Phallic stage of development
3-6yrs old
Genitals/masturbation
Sexual identity with parent of same sex
Latency stage of development
6-12yrs old
Development of skills to cope with environment
Develops feelings and able to care for others
Genital stage of development
12yrs and older
Sexual intercourse, satisfaction of sexual and emotional relationships
Free association
Freely share whatever thoughts and words that come to mind
Dream analysis
Analyze dreams for symbolism
Defense mechanisms
Denial, projection, rationalization
Interpersonal therapy
Short term
For grief/loss, interpersonal (relationship) disputes and role transition
Operant conditioning
Rewards and punishes voluntary behavior with reinforcement
Ex. Ignoring a child when they’re acting out
Modeling therapy
Therapist provides model for pt to learn from - watching someone do the very thing they have a phobia of
Role playing to have pt practice saying something to another person
Imaginable exposure
Imagining the phobia/trauma and describing thoughts/feelings
In vivo exposure
Confront fears in a real world setting
Aversion therapy
Providing negative feedback when undesirable thoughts/feelings occur
Ex. Bitter spray on nails for nail biters
Biofeedback
Devices that monitor VS and coach pt through breathing exercises when needed
All or nothing thinking
Thinking in black or white
Ex. If you aren’t first, you’re last
Overgeneralization
Using a bad outcome as evidence that nothing will ever go right again
Labeling
A characteristic/event defines and labels a person
Ex. I failed my exam, I’m a failure
Mental filter
Focusing only on the negative details when there were more positive ones
Disqualifying the positive
Maintaining negative view on something even when info supports a positive view
Ex. I got the job but they probably didn’t have any other applicants
Jumping to conclusions
Jumping to a negative conclusion with no evidence
Mind reading
Inferring negative thoughts of others
Ex. Somebody yawns in a speech and you think she thinks you’re boring
Fortune telling error
Anticipating that things will turn out badly
Magnifying/minimization
Exaggerating or minimizing importance of something
Ex. I’m alone on Saturday because no one likes me
Emotional reasoning
Drawing a conclusion based on emotional state
Ex. If I’m nervous about the exam, I must not be prepared
Personalization
Assuming responsibility that was out of personal control
Ex. Your party wasn’t fun because I was there
Schemata
Mental representation of the world
Piagets sensorimotor stage
0-2yrs
Basic reflexes, spatial abilities, hand eye coordination
Piagets preoperational stage
2-7yrs old
Think in concrete fashion
Expects others to view world as they do
Unable to conserve mass, volume or #
Piagets concrete operational stage
7-11 yrs
Logical thought and abstract problem solving
Piagets Formal operational stage
11yrs old to an adult
Basic abilities to think abstractly and problem solve mirroring an adult
Eriksons infancy stage
0-1.5yrs old
Trust vs mistrust
Forming attachment to mother
Eriksons early childhood stage
1.5-3yrs old
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Gaining control of self, toilet training, exploring
Eriksons preschool stage
3-6 yrs old
Initiative vs guilt
Becoming purposeful and directive
Eriksons school age stage
6-12yrs old
Industry vs inferiority
Develops social, physical and school skills
Eriksons adolescence stage
12-20 yrs old
Identity vs role confusion
Developing sense of identity
Eriksons Early adulthood stage
20-35yrs
Intimacy vs isolation
Establishing intimate bonds of love and friendship
Eriksons middle adulthood stage
35-65 yrs old
Generativity vs self absorption
Fulfilling life goals and concerns about the future generations
Eriksons later years stage
65-death
Integrity vs despair
Looking back on life and accepting its meaning
Ethics
Study of beliefs of what is right and wrong
Bioethics
Specific ethical issues in healthcare
Beneficence
Act that benefits good of others
Autonomy
Pts right to making their own decisions
Justice
Distribute resources equally
Fidelity
Maintain loyal, do no wrong
Veracity
Truthful
Tort
Act that violates another persons rights/property
Negligence
Failure to use ordinary care in a situation when you have the duty to do so
Malpractice
Professional negligence
Malpractice
Professional negligence
