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Pathophysiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Leukemia definition

A

Cancer of the leukocytes. Acute and Chronic.

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2
Q

Kids get this leukemia, and it’s the most common leukemia

A

ALL (Acute lymphoblastic leukemia)

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3
Q

Leukemia manifestations

A

-Leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia (pancytopenia)
-Lymphadenopathy
-Joint swelling, bone pain, weight loss, anorexia
-Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly
-CNS dysfunction

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4
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis Causes

A

Spread by oral transmission, caused by Epstein Barr Virus

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5
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis Labs (4)

A

lab methods test viral capsid antigen (VCA), early antigen (EA), EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA), and monospo

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6
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis Manifestations (7)

A

Anorexia, malaise, and chills. If they intensify it’ll cause leukocytosis, fever, sore throat, lymphopathy

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7
Q

Multiple Myeloma Definitions & Key Sign

A

Blood cancer of plasma cells in bone marrow. Bence Jones protein in urine.

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8
Q

Multiple Myeloma Manifestations

A

CRAB, hypercalcemia, renal dysfunction, anemia, bone pain

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9
Q

Lymphoma Definition/Types

A

Cancers that develop from lymphatic cells in the lymphatic system. Non-Hodgkins and Hodgkins. Reed Sternberg cells is in Hodgkins

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10
Q

Lymphoma Manifestations

A

Painless enlarged nodes, night sweats, pruritis, splenomegaly

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11
Q

Lymphoma Lab

A

CBC, LDH, ESR

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12
Q

ITP (Immune thrombocytopenic purpura)

Definition

A

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is hypocoagulation due to autoimmune destruction of platelets. When the Immune system is destroying platelets, igG reacts to platelets which are then destroyed in the liver and spleen

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13
Q

ITP Causes

A

idiopathic, autoimmune disease, live vaccine immunization, immunodeficiency disorders, viral infections. Idiopathic- we don’t know why/platelets/small blood vessels leak under skin.

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14
Q

ITP Manifestations

A

abnormal bleeding, petechiae, gum bleeding, epistaxis, purpura, GI bleed, hematuria

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15
Q

ITP Lab

A

CBC, Platelets <20k, Blood Smear, Bone Marrow test

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16
Q

TTP (Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura)

A

Caused by a deficiency in the enzyme that cleaves von Willebrand’s factor, leading the hypercoagulation that depletes platelet levels

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17
Q

TTP Manifestations

A

Fever, hemolytic anemia. purpura, consciousness changes, confusion, fatigue, fever, headache, tachycardia, pallor, dyspnea with exertion, speech changes, weakness, and jaundice

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18
Q

Neutropenia

A

Neutrophil decrease. Condition where concentration of neutrophils reaches <1,500 cells/mL

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19
Q

Neutropenia Manifestations

A

Depend on severity/cause, but include infections and ulcerations (especially mucous membranes) and other signs of infection (like fever

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20
Q

Anemia General Definition

A

Decreased number of erythrocytes, reduction of hemoglobin, or abnormal
hemoglobin; decreases oxygen-carrying capacity and creates tissue hypoxia.

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21
Q

Anemia General Manifestations

A

Hypoxia, Weakness, fatigue, pallor, syncope, dyspnea, tachycardia.

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22
Q

Anemia General Labs

A

CBC, Iron Panel, Blood Smears

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23
Q

Iron Deficient Anemia (M+L)

A

Most common, RBC’s is small/pale, can cause confusion and memory loss in elderly, vitamin C supplements. Bariatric surgery is a risk.

Lab: Iron Panel

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24
Q

Pernicious anemia (M+L)

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency, lack of intrinsic factors.

M: Glossitis, muscle weakness, mood changes

Labs: Serum VB12 Test, Instrinsic Antibody Test.

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25
Q

Aplastic Anemia (M+L)

A

rare, serious, bone marrow is not making enough of all the blood cells (pancytopenia).

Idiopathic and autoimmune.

M: Infections, bleeding and hypoxia are seen.

L: CBC

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26
Q

Hemolytic anemia (M+L)

A

Excessive destruction of RBC. Idiopathic autoimmune causes,

M: Dark Urine, Enlarged spleen, Gallstones

L: Bilirubin count, reticulocyte count, LDH.

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27
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

RBC have a sickle shape. co-dominant genetic.

M: Painful, jaundice, hemoglobin S shape, chest pain, SOB, ischemia, encourage hydration.

L: HbS, CMP

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28
Q

Thalassemia

A

incidental. Autosomal recessive, lack of alpha or beta. Genetic. No pain component. Common in Mediterranean/Asian descent. Affects both genders.

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29
Q

Polycythemia Vera (M+L)

A

Bone marrow produces too many WBC/RBC/platelets. Neoplastic.

M: Blood volume increases, headaches/dizziness, discolorations, pruritis.

L: EPO

long term hypoxia: high altitudes, smoking and COPD.

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30
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A

This is a chronic, inflamatory, autoimmune disorder of connective tissue. B cells are triggered for an unknown reasons to fight it.

31
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Manifestations

A

renal disease, hypertension, raynaud phenomenon, swollen joints, butterfly rash, pancytopenia, glomerulonephritis

32
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Lab

A

22 Point Criteria, CRP, ANA, ESR, CBC, CMP

33
Q

Autoimmunity characteristics

A

Sees itself as foreign. Trigger is unknow. Risks is genetics, female sex, abnormal stressors. Frequently progressive relapsing-remitting disorders. Diagnosis often attempts to eliminate all other possibilities

34
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

A diminished or absent immune response.
Increased susceptibility to infections.
Opportunistic infections caused by pathogens that don’t cause disease in healthy people.

35
Q

HIV/AIDS definition and transmission

A

Parasitic retrovirus infecting CD4 and macrophages. transmitted via blood and bodily fluids; expecting mothers risk infecting their child

35
Q

HIV/AIDS manifestations

A

Lymphopathy. diarrhea, weight loss, fever, shortness of breath, three year life expectancy, neurological symptoms. Opportunistic infections like TB, PCP, Cryptococcal Meningitis, and Toxoplasmosis.

36
Q

HIV/AIDS labs

A

NAT and viral load testing
CD4 Count:<200 = AIDS

37
Q

Type I Hypersensitivy

A

IgE mediated, hives, bronchospasm, conjuctivitis

38
Q

Type II Hypersensitivity

A

IgG, mediated, tissue specific, blood transfusion

39
Q

Type III Hypersensitivity

A

Immune complex mediated, Serum Sickness, Not Organ Specific, Raynaud

40
Q

Type IV Hypersensitivity

A

Cell mediated, Delayed response, killing T cells, Examples: Graft rejection, poison ivy, TB

41
Q

Adaptive Immunity characteristic

A

Specific to each person, acquired over time, natural vs passive, cellular and humoral

42
Q

Cellular (Adaptive Immunity) Characteristics

A

T Cells - helper T and cyotoxic T destroy antigens

43
Q

Humoral (Adaptive Immunity) Characteristics

A

B Cells - memory cells and immunoglobulin-secreting cells produce antibodies 72 hours after initial exposure

44
Q

Natural Active

A

I had measles

45
Q

Natural Passive

A

Mother to baby

46
Q

Artificial Active

A

I had the measles vaccination

47
Q

Artifical Passive

A

Antibodies injected in a patient to boost patient’s antibody response

48
Q

Innate Immunity

A

First line of defense. What everyone is born with.

49
Q

Barrier

A

Mucous membranes, skin, gastric acid, tears

50
Q

Inflammatory Response

A

Happens right away, fights invaders, acute(localized, short term), or chronic (long term, isolates body, lasts until healing finishes),mast cells and histamine are the components that help trigger and inflammatory response

51
Q

Pyrogens

A

A system of response for a fever to happen all over the body

52
Q

Interferons

A

protein released from virus-infected cells to inhibit viral replication

53
Q

Complement system

A

protein that enhances the action of antibodies

54
Q

Stress response and hormones

A

Cortisol and epinephrine are two hormones for alarm stage (fight/flight)

Cortisol increases blood sugar

General Adaptation: Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion (Hans Seyle)

Local Adaptation: confines damage to one area

55
Q

X Linked Inheritance

A

Almost always x-linked
Males have a 50% chance of getting the disorder from their affected mother
Females have a 50% chance of being carriers
Daughters of affected males are carriers, sons are not

56
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

Deletion in all or part of x chromosome. Only in females, no ovaries, female/growth hormones.

M: osteoporosis, kidney and cardio abnormalities, hearing loss

L: Karyotype Analysis, Growth and Follicle stimulation hormone levels

57
Q

Klinefelter Characteristics

A

Only happens in males
An extra X so the Genotype: XX and Y
Not noticeable at birth but at puberty
Testicles don’t develop
Boys are infertile
May have women breasts
Hormone and chromosomal testing
Treatments: Male hormones

58
Q

Phenotype

A

Expression of genes
Ex: Having blue eyes

59
Q

Apoptosis definition

A

Programmed Cell Death

60
Q

Necrosis definition

A

Cell death due to unexpected injury

61
Q

Ischemia definition

A

Not enough blood flow to tissues

62
Q

Malignant Tumor Characteristics

A

Rapid growth
Undifferentiated, varied, mitosis increased and atypical
Invades nearby tissues through blood or lymph
Tissue destruction and spread

63
Q

Benign Tumor Characteristics

A

Slow
Like Normal, Differentiated, Mitosis is normal
Localized
Only threatening in certain locations (brain)

64
Q

Atrophy

A

Shrinkage of muscle/cell

Occurs because of decreased work demands of the cell.

Example: Fractured leg unused

65
Q

Dysplasia

A

Cells mutate into cells of a different size, shape, and appearance (i.e., atypical cells).

Dysplastic changes are often implicated as precancerous cells.

Ex: The reproductive and respiratory tracts are common sites.

66
Q

Metaplasia

A

Replaces cell with another

Initiated by chronic irritation and inflammation, such that a more virulent cell line emerges

Ex: Smoking or vitamin A deficieny

67
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue because of normal stimuli.

Ex: Menstruation

68
Q

Relationship of Hypoxia and Ischemia

A

The most common cause of hypoxia is ischemia. Explain the difference between hypoxia and ischemia: Hypoxia refers to a reduction in the supply of oxygen to organs including the brain. Ischemia refers to an inadequate supply of blood to the organs.

69
Q

Autolysis of Cell

A

Self eating

70
Q

Four main types of cell injury

A
  1. Hypoxic - lack of oxygen in cell, common
    reason is ischemia (lack of blood flow)
  2. Reperfusion – return of oxygen to hypoxic
    cells
  3. Oxidative stress – formation of ROS (reactiveoxygen species)
  4. Chemical injury – many chemicals toxic to
    cells
71
Q

Necrosis Types (6)

A

Coagulative, Liquefactive, Caseous, Fat, Gangrenous, Fibrinoid

72
Q

Infarction

A

Ischemia leaving cells damaged to the extent that they cannot survive

Pathophysiology (3 decks)

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