exam 1 Flashcards
diptera refers to?
flies (two wings)
describe the anatomical structure of diptera
-adults of all species have one pair of halteres (modified hindwing)
-adults have one pair of wings
what are the three main groups of flies?
nematocera
brachycera
cyclorrhapha (larvae of some of these species are myiasis)
name the species that are in the nematocera group
mosquitoes
blackflies
midges
sandflies
name the species that are in the brachycera
horseflies
deer flies
name the species that are in cyclorrhapha (biting flies)
(these are biting flies that don’t have wings)
-horn flies
-stable flies
- keds/louse flies
-tsetse fliesa
name the species that are in the cyclorrhapha (non-biting flies)
(don’t have wings)
-face fly
-housefly
name the cyclorrhapha species (myasis-causing flies)
(don’t have wings)
-flesh flies
-blowflies
-botflies
what are the genuses of the mosquito?
aedes
anopheles
culexw
what are the vectors of canine heart worm and plasmodium spp?
mosquitoes
what is the genus of black flies?
simulium
leucocytozoon spp (parasitic protozoa) devastates that species and what is the vector?
-affects birds
-from blackflies
mosquito bite hypersensitivity affects what species?
felines
simuliotoxicosis can cause a build up of toxins in livestock, equids, and birds from what species?
black flies (simulium)
what is the genus of midges?
culicoides spp
equine allergic dermatitis can be caused by?
midges (culicoides)
leishmania spp (parasitic protozoa) can cause leishmaniasis due to what species?
sandflies (lutzomyia, phlebotomus)
leucocytozoon (parasitic protozoa) that affects poultry and birds are transferred from what species?
midges (culicoides spp)
what is the genus of horseflies and deer flies?
tabanus (horseflies)
chrysops (deer flies)
horseflies and deer flies can transmit pathogens in ungulates and other mammals of what genus?
trypanosoma spp
what is the genus of horn flies?
haematobia spp
what is the genus of stable flies?
stomoxys spp
genus of keds or louse flies
melophagus ovinus (sheep ked)
entire lifecycle spent on host
genus of the tsetse flies
glossina spp
genus of face fly
musca autumnalis
genus of housefly
M. domestica
define obligate myasis
larvae require live host for food
genus of gray flesh fly
wohfahrtia vigil
*obligate myasis
genus of new work screwworm (blowflies)
cochiomyia hominivorax
*obligate myasis
genus of common green bottle fly (blowflies)
lucilia seriacata
*facultative myasis
are botflies obligate or facultative myasis?
obligate
genus of sheep nasal botfly
oestrus ovis
genus of heel flies? pathology?
hypoderma spp
warbles (subcutaneous cysts)
genus of horse botflies
gasterophilus spp
genus of botflies in rabbits?
cuterebra spp
cuterebra spp cause subcutaneous cysts in rabbits but wandering larvae can also invade or effect cats/dogs and cause?
cerebrospinal cuterebriasis
pediculosis
infestation with lice
two main groups of lice
-Anoplura (sucking lice), only mammals
-mallophaga (chewing lice), birds and mammals
genus of chicken body louse
menacanthus stramineus
genus of shaft louse (lice of poultry)
menopon gallinae
genus dog sucking louse
linognathus setosus
genus of dog chewing louse
trichodectes canis
what does trichodectes Canis serve as the intermediate host of?
tapeworm dipylidium caninum
genus of cat chewing louse
felicola subrostratus
genus of long nosed cattle louse
linognthus vituli
genus of short nosed cattle louse
haematopinus eurysternus
genus of little blue cattle louse
solenopotes capillatus
genus of cattle tail louse
haematopinus quadripertusus
genus of cattle chewing louse
damalinia bovis
genus of sheep chewing louse
damalinia ovis
genus of sheep face louse
linognathus ovillus
what is linognathus ovillus a vector for?
mycoplasma ovis
genus of sheep foot louse
linognathus pedalis
genus of African blue louse
linognathus africanus
genus of goat sucking louse
linognathus stenopsis
genus of goat biting louse
D. caprae
genus of horse chewing louse
damalinia equi
genus of horse sucking louse
haematopinus asini
genus of hog louse
haematopinus suis
what does haematopinus suis serve as a vector for?
swine pox virus
common helminth parasites in vet medicine? (3)
trematode (flukes)
cestodes (tapeworms)
nematodes
qualitative vs quantitative tests
-qualitative: can tell if infected or not
-quantitative: how much they are infected (to what degree)
what is fecal sedimentation test most useful for?
-used to detect eggs/cysts that are too heavy or delicate
-non-nematode eggs (ex trematode or acanthocephalan)
-certain protozoal cysts (amoebae, ciliates, giardia spp)
what is required for eggs to float when doing a fecal float test?
the floatation solution used must have a higher specific gravity than most common parasite eggs (some eggs are too heavy to float)
what test is best indicted when you suspect a nematode infection that produces eggs/cysts?
fecal float
what test is useful for recovering nematode larvae?
baermann technique
(worms need to be mobile)
what test is useful for some (not all) lung worms and strongyloides spp?
baermann technique
what test would you use on feces to detect antigens?
immunoassays
what test would you use to identify circulating micrrofilariae, protozoa, and rickettsia?
direct blood smear
what does a PCR test detect?
DNA is feces
what does lower Ct=higher burden mean in a PCR test?
there is so much DNA present that it didn’t take that long to find
is the Cornell-mcmaster dilution technique is a qualitative or quantitative test?
quantitative
what is the public health significance if a horse has pin-worms?
pinworms are species specific so not a public health concern
what kind of technique would work best to isolate these? INSERT PIC
fecal float
what kind of technique would work best to isolate these? INSERT PIC
fecal sedimentation
describe life cycle of holometabolus (complete lifecycle) metamorphosis
egg–>larvae–>pupa–>adult
describe the lifecycle of hemimetabolous metamorphosis
egg–>larvae–>nymph–>adult (ticks and mites)
egg–>nymph–>adult (lice)
life cycle of flea
holometabolous
egg–>larvae–>pupa–>adult
what is special about the pupae of a flea?
pupae can survive a long period of time without host, can go into a resting state and can eventually emerge when there are host cues
what are the three degrees of attachment in fleas?
1) nidicolous fleas- visit host only to feed
2) stick tight fleas- females use mouth to permanently attach to host
3) chigoe fleas- mated females embed within the host’s skin
what is a species of flea that stem from bacteria infection?
yersinia pestis
what is a species of flea is an intermediate host of tapeworms?
diplidium caninum (cycles also through canines and humans)
what are some treatments you can give the host to disrupt development of eggs, larvae, and pupae?
insect growth regulators
methopren, luferunon
what is an example of a combination of adulticide + IGRs when treating for fleas?
fipronil +methoprene
what flea treatment should you never give a rabbit
fipronil
(can lead to toxic reaction)
genus of stick tight flea in poultry
echidnophaga gallinacea
species and genus of nidicolous flea in poultry (2 types genuses)
ceratophyllus spp
C. niger and C. gallinae
what species of flea infects cats and dogs? are genal and prenatal combs present?
ctenocephalides spp
-yes PC and GC present
ctenocephalides felis (flea species) is important for the transmission of what diseases?
bubonic plague
dipylidium caninum
pulex spp (flea) is what type of attchment and what is it a vector of?
nidicolous
vectors of bubonic plague
genus of New World flea that infests wild animals
P. simulans
what is the genus of stick tight flea that infests dogs and cats; swine goats, sheep, cattle, equids?
echidnophaga gallinacea
genus of flea that infest; domestic rabbits and rodents, ungulates
ctenocephalides felis
what genus of pulex spp of flea infect swine, goats, sheep, cattle, equids, and humans
P.irritans
what species of flea with a chigoes attchment infect swine, cattle, sheep, goats, equids?
tunga spp
what are the two types of disease transmissions via ticks?
-transovarian: infected female will transmit pathogen to the larvae through the egg
-transstadial: in the environment larvae will get infected by pathogen, will carry pathogen into nymph stage and nymph take blood meal and transmit OR nymph can get infected and then morphs into adult that can transmit pathogen
argasid are what types of ticks (hard or soft)?
soft
describe the lifecycle of argasid ticks
multi-host lifecycle
egg hatch into larvae and take blood meal then fall off, morph into nymph stage and take blood meal, fall off host morph into adult and takes blood meal where then the cycle continues
can ascarid ticks have more than one nymph lifecycle?
yes
the argas spp is restricted to what area?
gulf of mexico and border
genus and host of the fowl tick or “blue bugs”
argas persicus
hosts: domestic fowl, wild birds
is orinthodoros spp a soft or hard shell tick?
soft
what is the genus of the ornithodoros spp that is a rodent parasite in the Rocky Mountains and pacific coast states?
ornithodoros hermsi
what is the genus of ornithodoros spp that attacks deer and cattle and is prevalent in California and Oregon?
ornithodoros coriaceus
is otobius spp a soft or hard shell tick?
soft
genus of the spinose ear tick and its hosts
otobius megnini
cattle and horses (ear canals)
how does otobius differ from argas and ornithodorus species of soft ticks?
otobius is one-host tick
only larvae and nymph feed (adults don’t feed)
ixodid are what types of ticks? (hard or soft )
hard
explain life cycle of one-host in ticks
complete entire molting process without leaving the host
explain the two-host life cycle in ticks
larvae will be on host and will molt into nymph on the same host, then nymph will fall off and molt into adult, adult will go take blood meal
explain the three-host life cycle in ticks
larvae will drop off molt into nymph, will then attach to host and take blood meal, drop off again to molt to adult and then adult can go and take blood meal (process could be on the same host or different host)
what are biological identifications in three-host ticks?
ignorant scutum
anterior anal groove
lack festoons
what are the two major species of ixodes ticks and their hosts?
-ixodes scapularis (deer tick or blacklegged tick), host: white-tailed deer
-ixodes pacificus (western blacklegged tick), host: lizards and small mammals
what are biological identifications in the phipicephalus spp and are they soft or hard shelled?
-inornate scutum, hexagonal basis capitula, festoons present
-hard
rhipicephalus spp genus of the brown dog tick, host, and diseases they can transmit?
-rhipicephalus sanguineus
-host: dogs
-transmit babesia canis
rhipicephalus spp genus of cattle tick, host, and disease they can transmit?
-rhipicephalus annulatus
-host: domestic mammals
-transmit babesia bovis
the dermacentor spp biological identifications, is it soft or hard shell tick?
-rectangular basis capitula, festoons present
-hard
what are the two genuses of the species of tick dermacentor and their host
-dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick), host: dogs and small animals
-dermacentor variables (American dog tick), host: dog and other mammals
what is a special biological feature that helps with the identification of the amblyomma spp, is it hard or soft shell tick?
mouthparts are longer
hard
genus of lone star tick, the host, and disease that can be transmitted
-amblyomma americanum
-host: white- tailed deer
-transmits cytauxzoon felis (protozoa disease in cats)
genus of gulf coast tick, the host, and disease that can be transmitted
-amyblyomma maculated
-host: small rodents, bird and mammals
-transmits hepatozoon americanum
biological features that are identifiable on haemaphysalis spp of tick
-palpi have laterally flared second segment
genus of rabbit tick, the host, and disease that can be transmitted
haemaphysalis leporispalustris
host: rabbit
transmits theileria spp (protozoal disease of large and small ruminants)
what order of mite are blood-feeders?
mesostigmata
what order of mite burrow or tunnel within the epidermis, reside on the surface of the skin, or within the ear canal?
astigmata
what order of mites are chiggers, follicle mites, itch mites, and some fur mites?
pro stigmata
T/F almost all mites have 2 or 3 nymphal stages
T
genus and host of the Northern fowl mite
-ornithonyssus sylvarium (blood feeder)
-host: poultry and wild birds
-entire lifecycle is on the host
genus and host of the red poultry mite
-dermanyssus gallinae (blood feeders)
-host: wild and domestic birds
-reside off the host, move to host to feed at night
genus and host of the common chigger
-eutrombicula alfreddugsei
-hosts: many animal species
orange crusting dermatosis
give the genus of the external mite that only the larval form is parasitic
eutrombicula alfreddugsei
genus and host of the scab mite
psoroptes ovis
host: primarily sheep, cattle and horses
-entire lifecycle is on the host
genus and host of chorioptptiic mange mite
chorioptes bovis
host: cattle, horse, sheep, goat, rabbit
-entire lifecycle on host
*found tail and hindleg
genus and host of sheep itch mite
psorobia ovis
host: sheep
-entire lifecycle on the host
genus and host of cattle itch mite
psorobia bos
host: cattle
-entire lifecycle on host
genus and host of walking dandruff
cheyletiella spp
dogs (C. yasguri)
cats (C. blakei)
rabbits (C. parrasitivorax)
-highly contagious
genus and host of cat fur mite
lynxacarus radovskyi
host: cats
genus and hosts of follicle mites
demodex spp
host: most domestic mammals, host-specific
-entire lifecycle on the host
genus and host of scarcoptic mange mites (burrow into the skin)
sarcoptes scabiei
hosts: most domestic animals
-entire life-cycle on host
genus and host of feline scabies mite (burrow into the skin)
notoedres cati
host: cats
genus and host of scaly leg mite
knemidocoptes mutans
hosts: chickens, turkeys, wild birds
-entire lifecycle on the host
genus and host of ear mites
otodectes cynotis
hosts: cats and dogs
-entire life cycle on host
genus and host of cattle ear mite
raillietia auris
hosts: cattle
genus and host of canine nasal mite
pneumonyssoides
hosts: dogs
give an example with a definitive host that is very narrow and an intermediate host that is very broad
toxoplasma gondii
definitive host- felines (narrow)
intermediate host- mammals (broad)
give an example with a definitive host that is very narrow and an intermediate host that is very broad
schistoma japonium (schistomiasis)
definitive host: mammals
intermediate host: snails (narrow)
give an example with both a narrow definitive host and an intermediate host
plasmodium reichenowi (malaria)
definitive host: mosquitoes
intermediate host: chimps
(both narrow)
give two examples of direct monoxenous parasites
ascardis suums (large roundworms)
hyostronglus rubidum (red stomach worm)
what kind of lifecycle does monoxenous parasite have
direct life cycle
what kind of lifecycle does heteroxenous parasites have
indirect life cycle
*needs intermediate host
give two examples of heteroxenous parasites
heart worm
ascarops strongylina spirurid nematodes in pigs
genus for hay itch mites and what is special about this mite
pyemotes triciti
-inject a toxic venom that paralyzes and eventually kills arthropod host
-potential biological pest control agent for stored products pests
what parasite causes parasitic disease caused by tapeworm larvae that cause gid?
taenia multiceps
sheep are the intermediate hosts
what genus can cause false gid in a species?
oestrus ovis
