Exam 1 Flashcards
Qualitative methods terms:
-interviews
-stories/narrative (interpretive soc)
-ethnography
-social constriction
-phenomenology (experience)
-observations
-discourse/content
Empirical materials
participant-centered forms of data collected
(large collections of purposely collected narrative and visual data)
Code
the process of systematically labeling excerpts of data/More effective
- How do you label data and analyze it
Intercode agreement
Two or more coders in agreement on what is going on in their research, what they don’t have
Induction and deduction
induction - open-ended exploration of a problem, going into an inquiry to learn as you go, formulating answers as more information is compiled
deduction - various forms of summary statements such as assertions, propositions, and theories
Ontology
The study of nature being, existence, or reality. Asking philosophical questions
What can be known and how
Who you are
- gender identity, conscious and unconscious questions, assumptions, and beliefs
Epistemology
theory of knowledge, how do we know what we know
Interpretation (interpretive sociology)
the study of society that concentrates on the meanings people associate with their social world
the four r’s: routines, rituals rules, roles, and relationships.
Constructivist
how we socially construct things and meaning, and how individuals make sense of things
EX: What does lit mean as a constructive of the term
Positivist
—approach to the study of society that relies specifically on scientific evidence, such as experiments and statistics, to reveal a true nature of how society operates.
Photo-elicitation interviews
using photographs or other visual mediums in an interview to generate verbal discussion to create data and knowledge
- helps capture the tangible and intangible aspects of life
- explores usage of PEI in educational research
- can use PET with other methods or stand alone
Quantitative research vs qualitative research
Quantitative Research - Vary of research methods, stats, SPSS, numbers, and math
Qualitative Research - Vary of study life through interviews, storytelling, interpretive sociology
Grounded theory
system approach where observations commence first and then the development of a theory based on that/inductive
Content analysis
method of how many times a word or theme appears in the media
Autoethnography
a form of ethnographic research in which a researcher connects personal experiences to wider culture, social meaning, and understanding (own experiences).
It’s about depth article
depth determines the point of the work
Purpose statement
formalizes the topic by addressing the what of the research and sometimes the why.
- serves as a focusing framework
Literature review
what do we already know and how does the research fit in within tradition
Research questions
- what? descriptive identification of phenomenons element
- how? process
- in what ways? processes, categories of experiences, reasons for motivation
- why? motives, purposes, reasons, circumstances, traditions
Saturation
the point at which no new information or themes emerge from data (bored and sees the same stuff)
Sampling
parameters and procedures for selecting participants
- where? how many?
- depth of understanding (the story behind the numbers)
-numbers (usually limits for quantitative research)
Convenience sampling
What is closest to you/selecting participants with whom researchers have easy access to
Snowball sampling
hard to find population, ask the respondent for samples/if they know anyone/recommendations
Negative case
when a respondent’s experiences or viewpoints differ from the main body of evidence, contradict the data
(the respondent’s answer or experience that does not match the rest of your data
Purposive sampling
selecting participants who are most likely to provide insight into the phenomenon being investigated due to their position, experience and/or identity markers.
Theoretical sampling
picking the participants from the topic of the research
Ex- if it is about college students you picking participants from that pool
Famous case studies: Scarce, Humphreys, Taylor, Milgram
Milgram: how willing and far would people go take orders from people of higher authority.
Research Ethics
Informed consent - know they are a part of the study
Do not harm to respondent
Benefits should outweigh the risks/ maximize benefits
Inihabitiy and privacy should be maintained/confidentiality
Informed consent
permission granted by participants to take part in a study after the researcher has explained its major parameters and conditions
Institutional Review Board
the U.S. approval and oversight committee for research proposals that involve human subjects to ensure legal and ethical observance
Confidentiality
keeping information private, such as participants’ identities and their related data
Mandatory reporting
report if a study had the potential to discover illegal activities, reveal that participants or others are victims of abuse, or other conditions such as suicidal thoughts
Research bargain
an implicit agreement or understanding between researchers and participants regarding the information or corporations in a study
Negotiate terms of confidence, consent, reciprocity or other aspects of the process
Secondary trauma
the impact of indirect exposure to traumatic experiences; exposure to details of other traumatic events experienced by others,
Interviews
a method of data collection by posing questions or conversational topics to participants to gather their personal experiences, perceptions histories, and other information for research study
Semi-structured interviews
interview with a degree of structure combined with flexibility to offer researchers significant latitude to adjust course as needed
Focus groups
a guided interview with two or more participants simultaneously as they engage in conversational interaction about a topic
Conceptual framework
theoretical assumptions
Concept and theory the research is coming from/you are using
Triangulation
use of three different sources and data, trying to find multiple data that are similar and or different from each other and what they mean
Another method to double-check the method and its weakness
Interview protocol
a prepared document of ordered tasks, questions, and topics that guide the interviewer through all stages of their interaction with participants
Positionality
the researcher’s perspective in writing (first person, third person)
Representation
how you present and explain the people in the study \ Represent finally or using stereotypes
Social desirability bias
Whenever we ask people for information, they answer through a filter of what will make them look good”
Main point of Williams and Heikes’ study of interviewing male nurses
Not if gender affects interviews but how.
Things to avoid when designing interview questions
- Leading questions
- Double-barred question
- assuming
- Bullying
- questions with desirable responses
Amy Shalet’s research
researched how two cases were compared and how Dutch families let their kids sleep, whereas US parents believe it taboo
