Exam #1 Flashcards
Describe what social phycology is and what do social physiologist do.
study the behaviors/emotions of people and how they react to situations.
What is the importance of the social situation versus individual characteristics
such as personality traits, for determining how we behave can cause someone to react according to the position someone is facing in a group setting vs individual characteristics can influence someone to think differently.
A theory is
an explanation to a specific to a single study intended to describe some phenomenon or aspect of the world.
A hypothesis is
a general prediction about what will happen under particular circumstances.
Observational research vs research
observing behavior vs researching by survey.
Sample vs population sample
Sample is a small group population vs population sample is everyone in a big group.
Statistics
data only in reference to sample.
Random sample vs convenience
Random sample (allows for generalizability) everyone possible of the population equal chance of being recruited vs convenience happens to be convinced.
Correlation is NOT? because…
Correlation is not causation that relates to relationships vs experimental research allow for random assignment and it’s the only way to get cause and effect control the IV by random assignment.
Random sampling vs random assignment
Random sampling allows you to get a sample that is generalizable to the population vs random assignment allows cause and effect tells you the experimental group are the the control group.
Independent vs dependent variable (IV vs DV)
Independent comes first (cause), the dependent variable is the effect meaning its dependent on the manipulation.
Control vs placebo
Control is the baseline the standard comparison vs placebo appears to improve health but has no benefit.
External validity vs reliability
External validity to which you can determine cause and effect is true, internal validity means more control and more validity. reliability is the consistency and validity is reality.
Self schema
has three categories: collective, relational, individual. Our working self concept is our immediate awareness of ourselves.
Reflected self appraisal
reflects on independent vs interdependent cultures.
independent vs interdependent cultures
Interdependent focuses on more collective and relational aspects, independent focuses on the individual self.
Trait vs state self esteem
Trait is a characteristic fundamental about you vs state self esteem is a general mindset.
Downward social comparison
boost your self esteem, upward social comparisons promotes growth
Sociometer hypothesis
the extent of your self esteem as a gauge to how you feel socially.
Individual cultures
have a tendency to think they are better than others.
Independent cultures
are most likely to feel better about themselves and admit their greatness vs interdependent just wouldn’t feel the need to share their greatness but feel equally great.
Self serving attributional biases
searching for a perspective that only serves your opinion or beliefs.
Fundamental attribution error
impact of the event as a result of someone’s emotions.
Actor observer
part of the situation, so you are experiencing perspective.
Heuristic
the generalization of someone based on stereotypes we have created.
Representative heuristic
you have a visual template to judge based on self made assumptions.
Availability heuristic
mentally assessing the probability of an occasion occurring.
Primacy effect
information that comes early on clouds our judgment for later on analysis.
Top down
existing snap judgements based on what we believe from previous experiences.
Bottom down
assessing who someone truly is after much given information.
Confirmation bias
seeks out biases that back up existing beliefs.
Emotions
are specific and brief, moods are random and can last long periods of times.
Duration neglect
is you overall impression of something determined by the peaks and values.
Affective forecasting
predicting how happy or sad something will make me.
Immune neglect
failure to believe you can protect and deal with your future emotions based on situational events.
hindsight bias
People’s tendency after learning about a given outcome to be overconfident about whether they could have predicted that outcome.
correlational research
Research that involves measuring two or more variables and assessing whether there is a relationship between them.
Experimental research
research that randomly assigns people to different conditions, or situations, enabling researchers to make strong inferences about why a relationship exists or how different situations affect behavior.
third variable
A variable, often unmeasured in correlational research, that can be the true explanation for the relationship between two other variables.
Self selection
In correlational research, the situation in which the participant, rather than the researcher, determines the participant’s level of each variable (for example, how many hours per day they spend playing video games or whether or not they are married), thereby creating the problem that unknown other properties might be responsible for the observed relationship.
longitude study
A study conducted at different points in time with the same participants.
natural experiment
A naturally occurring event or phenomenon with somewhat different conditions (e.g., before versus after) that can be compared with almost as much rigor as conditions manipulated by the investigator in an experiment.
field experiment
An experiment conducted in the real world (not a lab), usually with participants who are not aware that they are in a study of any kind.
measurement validity
The correlation between a measure and some outcome the measure is supposed to predict.
statistical significance
A measure of the probability that a given result could have occurred by chance.
open science
Practices such as sharing data and research materials with anyone in the broader scientific community in an effort to increase the integrity and replicability of scientific research.
institutional review board (IRB)
A committee that examines research proposals and makes judgments about the ethical appropriateness of the research.
informed consent
A person’s signed agreement to participate in a procedure or research study after learning all of its relevant aspects.
deception research
Research in which the participants are misled about the purpose of the research or the meaning of something that is done to them.
debriefing
In preliminary versions of an experiment, asking participants directly if they understood the instructions, found the setup to be reasonable, and so on. After an experiment, debriefing is used to educate participants about the questions being studied.
applied science
Science or research concerned with solving important real-world problems.
basic science
Science or research concerned with trying to understand some phenomenon in its own right, with a view toward using that understanding to build valid theories about the nature of some aspect of the world.
intervention
An effort to change a person’s behavior.
