Exam. 1

Question 1

American Medical Association (AMA)

Answer 1

The largest professional association of physicians and medical students in the United States, founded in 1847.

Question 2

Flexner Report

Answer 2

A study published in 1910 by the Carnegie Foundation that evaluated medical education in the United States and prompted major changes in the way physicians were educated

Question 3

patent medicines

Answer 3

Nonprescription drugs made of proprietary, or secret, compounds that were sold to the public in the early 1900s.

Question 4

iron triangle of healthcare

Answer 4

A concept introduced by William Kissick describing three competing dimensions of healthcare: access, cost, and quality.

Question 5

triple aim

Answer 5

A modified version of the Iron Triangle that highlights the interdependencies of population health, quality of care, and cost; it refers to the simultaneous pursuit of three goals: improving the health of populations, improving the patient experience of care, and reducing the per capita cost of healthcare.

Question 6

affordable care act (ACA)

Answer 6

federal law passed in 2010 to reform the US healthcare system

Question 7

chronic disease

Answer 7

A disease that persists for three months or longer that generally cannot be prevented by vaccines or cured by medication.

Question 8

life expectancy

Answer 8

the average number of years a person is expected to live

Question 9

allopathic medicine

Answer 9

A system of medical practice that focuses on treating disease through medication, surgery, or other interventions; also called conventional medicine or mainstream medicine

Question 10

osteopathic medicine

Answer 10

system of medicine that originated in the manipulation of the musculoskeletal system and that emphasizes preventive medicine while taking a holistic approach to health.

Question 11

primary care physicians (PCP)

Answer 11

A physician who typically serves as the first contact for patients with basic medical needs; treats acute and chronic ailments and illnesses; and focuses on health promotion, disease prevention, health maintenance, and counselling. PCPs primarily practice family medicine, internal medicine, and pediatrics

Question 12

physicians extender

Answer 12

A healthcare provider who is not a physician but performs medical activities typically done by a physician; most physician extenders are nurse practitioners or physician assistants

Question 13

stakeholders

Answer 13

An individual or group that has some investment in an organisation or obtains some benefit from it

Question 14

primary care

Answer 14

Basic care, usually provided by doctors, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants in an ambulatory care setting

Question 15

secondary care

Answer 15

Care that focuses on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of more serious illnesses and injuries for short periods of time. includes childbirth services, emergency services, and general surgery

Question 16

tertiary care

Answer 16

Care that encompasses complicated services and results from referrals from primary or secondary providers

Question 17

quanternary care

Answer 17

Highly specialised healthcare services offered at large hospitals; may involve experimental treatments and procedures

Question 18

acute care

Answer 18

Immediate, short-term treatment for conditions or injuries that may be life-threatening or require constant monitoring by healthcare professionals

Question 19

hospitals

Answer 19

A healthcare facility that provides medical and surgical treatment and nursing care for patients who are sick or injured

Question 20

inpatient care

Answer 20

Care that requires at least an overnight stay in a medical facility, usually a hospital

Question 21

outpatient care

Answer 21

Care that does not require an overnight stay in a medical facility, such as a hospital; also called ambulatory care

Question 22

long term care

Answer 22

Care that is provided for an extended period of time to patients with chronic illness or disability

Question 23

not for profit hospitals

Answer 23

A hospital that is legally organised as a nonprofit corporation and must invest all of its profits back into the organisation. Because of the community benefits they provide, non-for-profit hospitals are exempt from paying federal and state taxes

Question 24

for profit hospitals

Answer 24

A hospital that is organized to create a profit for its owners; also called an investor-owned hospital. For-profit hospitals must pay state and federal taxes and can distribute profits to their investors and raise money from investors and stock offerings.

Question 25

academic medical center (AMC)

Answer 25

An organization whose mission is to provide care for the poor, train medical students and healthcare professionals, and conduct research.

Question 26

safety net hospitals

Answer 26

A hospital that is committed by mission or mandate to care for those with limited or no access to healthcare services because they lack financial resources

Question 27

veterans health administration (VHA)

Answer 27

A healthcare system run by the US federal government that provides hospital services to current and past military members.

Question 28

military health systems (MHS)

Answer 28

A system of military healthcare facilities and providers focused on maintaining the health of active-duty military and reserve personnel.

Question 29

patient days

Answer 29

A unit of measure of the time of one day that a patient remains in a hospital or other overnight facility; also known as an inpatient day, census day, or bed occupancy day

Question 30

micro hospitals

Answer 30

A small hospital with 8 to 50 beds that can provide locally needed services, such as exercise facilities, laboratory testing, imaging services, and pharmacies.

Question 31

fee for service

Answer 31

A payment method in which hospitals, physicians, and other healthcare providers are paid for each service provided.

Question 32

capitation

Answer 32

A payment method in which hospitals, physicians, and other healthcare providers receive a fixed payment per person for providing services for a fixed time period.

Question 33

patented brand name drugs

Answer 33

a drug that is marketed under the manufacturer’s name and protected by a patient, usually for 20 years

Question 34

generic drugs

Answer 34

A copy of a brand-name drug that has the same dosage, intended use, administration, and strength as the original drug

Question 35

blockbuster drugs

Answer 35

A prescription drug that has annual sales greater than $1 billion.

Question 36

drug tiers

Answer 36

Group of prescription drugs that have different costs and copays for consumers

Question 37

external reference pricing

Answer 37

a method that countries use to set and negotiate the prices they will pay for prescription drugs

Question 38

biosimilars

Answer 38

A drug that has the same clinical effect as a generic drug but a different chemical composition

Question 39

pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs)

Answer 39

A company that manages prescription drug benefits for health insurers to control drug spending and provide more effective drugs to consumers.

Question 40

clinical trials

Answer 40

A research study in which human subjects are used to evaluate the effects of a medication, medical device, or intervention to determine its effectiveness and safety.

Question 41

over the counter drugs

Answer 41

a drug that can be purchased without a prescription; often sold in pharmacies, grocery stores, and convenience stores

Question 42

medical device industry

Answer 42

An industry that is regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and encompasses a wide range of equipment and products that are critical to healthcare delivery, such as surgical gloves, artificial joints, crutches, and imaging equipment.