Exam. 1 Flashcards
American Medical Association (AMA)
The largest professional association of physicians and medical students in the United States, founded in 1847.
Flexner Report
A study published in 1910 by the Carnegie Foundation that evaluated medical education in the United States and prompted major changes in the way physicians were educated
patent medicines
Nonprescription drugs made of proprietary, or secret, compounds that were sold to the public in the early 1900s.
iron triangle of healthcare
A concept introduced by William Kissick describing three competing dimensions of healthcare: access, cost, and quality.
triple aim
A modified version of the Iron Triangle that highlights the interdependencies of population health, quality of care, and cost; it refers to the simultaneous pursuit of three goals: improving the health of populations, improving the patient experience of care, and reducing the per capita cost of healthcare.
affordable care act (ACA)
federal law passed in 2010 to reform the US healthcare system
chronic disease
A disease that persists for three months or longer that generally cannot be prevented by vaccines or cured by medication.
life expectancy
the average number of years a person is expected to live
allopathic medicine
A system of medical practice that focuses on treating disease through medication, surgery, or other interventions; also called conventional medicine or mainstream medicine
osteopathic medicine
system of medicine that originated in the manipulation of the musculoskeletal system and that emphasizes preventive medicine while taking a holistic approach to health.
primary care physicians (PCP)
A physician who typically serves as the first contact for patients with basic medical needs; treats acute and chronic ailments and illnesses; and focuses on health promotion, disease prevention, health maintenance, and counselling. PCPs primarily practice family medicine, internal medicine, and pediatrics
physicians extender
A healthcare provider who is not a physician but performs medical activities typically done by a physician; most physician extenders are nurse practitioners or physician assistants
stakeholders
An individual or group that has some investment in an organisation or obtains some benefit from it
primary care
Basic care, usually provided by doctors, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants in an ambulatory care setting
secondary care
Care that focuses on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of more serious illnesses and injuries for short periods of time. includes childbirth services, emergency services, and general surgery
tertiary care
Care that encompasses complicated services and results from referrals from primary or secondary providers
quanternary care
Highly specialised healthcare services offered at large hospitals; may involve experimental treatments and procedures
acute care
Immediate, short-term treatment for conditions or injuries that may be life-threatening or require constant monitoring by healthcare professionals
hospitals
A healthcare facility that provides medical and surgical treatment and nursing care for patients who are sick or injured
inpatient care
Care that requires at least an overnight stay in a medical facility, usually a hospital
outpatient care
Care that does not require an overnight stay in a medical facility, such as a hospital; also called ambulatory care
long term care
Care that is provided for an extended period of time to patients with chronic illness or disability
not for profit hospitals
A hospital that is legally organised as a nonprofit corporation and must invest all of its profits back into the organisation. Because of the community benefits they provide, non-for-profit hospitals are exempt from paying federal and state taxes
for profit hospitals
A hospital that is organized to create a profit for its owners; also called an investor-owned hospital. For-profit hospitals must pay state and federal taxes and can distribute profits to their investors and raise money from investors and stock offerings.
academic medical center (AMC)
An organization whose mission is to provide care for the poor, train medical students and healthcare professionals, and conduct research.
safety net hospitals
A hospital that is committed by mission or mandate to care for those with limited or no access to healthcare services because they lack financial resources
veterans health administration (VHA)
A healthcare system run by the US federal government that provides hospital services to current and past military members.
military health systems (MHS)
A system of military healthcare facilities and providers focused on maintaining the health of active-duty military and reserve personnel.
patient days
A unit of measure of the time of one day that a patient remains in a hospital or other overnight facility; also known as an inpatient day, census day, or bed occupancy day
micro hospitals
A small hospital with 8 to 50 beds that can provide locally needed services, such as exercise facilities, laboratory testing, imaging services, and pharmacies.
fee for service
A payment method in which hospitals, physicians, and other healthcare providers are paid for each service provided.
capitation
A payment method in which hospitals, physicians, and other healthcare providers receive a fixed payment per person for providing services for a fixed time period.
patented brand name drugs
a drug that is marketed under the manufacturer’s name and protected by a patient, usually for 20 years
generic drugs
A copy of a brand-name drug that has the same dosage, intended use, administration, and strength as the original drug
blockbuster drugs
A prescription drug that has annual sales greater than $1 billion.
drug tiers
Group of prescription drugs that have different costs and copays for consumers
external reference pricing
a method that countries use to set and negotiate the prices they will pay for prescription drugs
biosimilars
A drug that has the same clinical effect as a generic drug but a different chemical composition
pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs)
A company that manages prescription drug benefits for health insurers to control drug spending and provide more effective drugs to consumers.
clinical trials
A research study in which human subjects are used to evaluate the effects of a medication, medical device, or intervention to determine its effectiveness and safety.
over the counter drugs
a drug that can be purchased without a prescription; often sold in pharmacies, grocery stores, and convenience stores
medical device industry
An industry that is regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and encompasses a wide range of equipment and products that are critical to healthcare delivery, such as surgical gloves, artificial joints, crutches, and imaging equipment.
