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CHILDRENS > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

_______ and _______ provide a framework for child health.

A

Healthy People 2030 and Bright Futures

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2
Q

What GOALS are included in the framework for child health

A

Family support
Development
Mental health
Nutrition
Healthy weight
Physical activity

Oral health
Healthy sexual development and activity
Safety and injury prevention
Community relationships and resources

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3
Q

What age group is included when describing Neonatal mortality

A

<28 days of life

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4
Q

What age group is included when describing Postnatal mortality

A

28 days to 11 months

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5
Q

A low birth weight is considered ______ or below

A

<2500 g (5.5 lbs)

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6
Q

what is the difference between Atraumatic care and family centered care

A

Family-centered care involves recognizing the family as the constant in a child’s life and respecting the family’s role in the child’s well-being.

Atraumatic care focuses on minimizing the psychological and physical distress experienced by a child during healthcare interactions.

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7
Q

difference between growth, development, and maturation

A

Growth: (Quantitative) An increase in number and size of cells as they divide and synthesize new proteins; results in increased size and weight of whole or any of its parts

Development: (Qualitative) A gradual change and expansion; advancement from lower to more advanced stage of complexity; increased capacity through growth, maturation, and learning

Maturation: An increase in competence and adaptability, usually described as a qualitative change to function at higher level

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8
Q

Define Differentiation

A

The processes by which early cells and structures are systematically modified and altered

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9
Q

Describe Cephalocaudal development

A

a term used to describe the universal “head-to-toe” direction of humans’ growth and functional motor development. It is most obviously observed in infants’ spatial proportions change, continuing to adulthood.

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10
Q

Describe Proximal-distal development

A

Proximodistal development refers to a growth pattern where development radiates from the center of the body outwards.

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11
Q

what are the 3 developmental ages during the prenatal period

A

germinal (conception-2 weeks)

embryonic (2-8 weeks)

fetal (8-40 weeks/birth)

most crucial stage and most related to health of mom

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12
Q

what are the Patterns of growth and development

A

Directional trends
Sequential trends
Developmental pace
Sensitive periods

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13
Q

what is the Single most important influence on growth

A

Nutrition

Appetites fluctuate related to growth periods

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14
Q

what are the 5 psychosexual stages of Freud

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

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15
Q

oral stage age range (Freud)

A

0-1 years. Sucking, tasting, putting things in mouth

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16
Q

anal stage age range (Freud)

A

2-3 years potty training

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17
Q

phallic stage age range (Freud)

A

3-6 years

boys are more attached to mom

girls are more attached to dad

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18
Q

latency stage age range (Freud)

A

6 years to puberty

children mostly interact with same sex peers

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19
Q

genital stage age range (Freud)

A

beyond puberty. attracted to opposite sex peers

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20
Q

what are the 8 stages of Erickson psychosocial stages

A

infancy, early childhood, play age, school age, adolescence, early adulthood, middle age, old age

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21
Q

infancy stage age range (Erickson)

A

0-1 year trust/mistrust that basic needs will be met

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22
Q

early childhood stage age range (Erickson)

A

1-3 years develops sense of independence in many tasks

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23
Q

play stage age range (Erickson)

A

3-6 years take initiative with some activities, may develop guilt if unsuccessful/makes someone mad

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24
Q

school stage age range (Erickson)

A

7-11 years develop self confidence/inferiority

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25
Q

adolescence stage age range (Erickson)

A

12-18 years experiment/develop identity/roles

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26
Q

early adulthood stage age range (Erickson)

A

19-29 years establish intimacy and relationships with others

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27
Q

middle stage age range (Erickson)

A

30-64 years contribute to society and be part of the family

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28
Q

old stage age range (Erickson)

A

65 onward asses meaning of life and contributions

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29
Q

What are the 4 stages of cognitive development (Piaget)

A

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

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30
Q

sensorimotor stage age range (Piaget)

A

0-2 years old

motor coordination, sensory curiosity about the world, language used for demands, object permeance developed

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31
Q

preoperational stage age range (Piaget)

A

2-7 years old

symbolic thinking, use of grammar/syntax, stong imagination/intuition, conservation developed

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32
Q

concrete operational stage age range (Piaget)

A

7-11 years old

time/space/quantity understood can can be applied

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33
Q

formal operational stage age range (Piaget)

A

11 years and older

theoretical, hypothetical, and counterfactual thinking. abstract logic/reasoning. Strategy.

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34
Q

What are the 6 stages of moral development (Kohlberg)

A

principle, social contract, law and order morality, good boy attitude, self interest, avoiding punishment

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35
Q

Describe the pre-conventional stage of moral development (Kohlberg)

A

3-7 years: self interest, avoiding punishing

Moral reasoning based on reward and punishment

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36
Q

Describe the conventional stage of moral development (Kohlberg)

A

8-13 years: law and order morality, good boy attitude

moral reasoning based on external ethics

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37
Q

Describe the post-conventional stage of moral development (Kohlberg)

A

Adulthood (above 13 years): principle, social contract

moral reasoning based on personal ethics

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38
Q

Describe Social-affective play

A

infants take pleasure in relationships with people

infant learns how to garner these relationships with smiles, coos, or initiating games

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39
Q

Describe sense-pleasure play

A

whenever there isn’t anyone to be social with the infant finds something to entertain them. Related to senses.

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40
Q

Describe Skill play

A

once infants learn how to grasp and manipulate they do it over and over again, can often result in frustration until they get it right

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41
Q

Describe unoccupied play

A

when children are not playful but aimlessly walk around looking at anything that strikes their interest

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42
Q

Describe dramatic/pretend play

A

beings 11-13 months and is the predominant form of play in preschool age. Act out certain jobs or tasks adults do to help them better understand complex roles in society

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43
Q

Describe games play

A

young children participate in imitative games such a patty cake and peek a boo. Preschool learn ring around the rosy and London bridge, they don’t do competitive games. Its isn’t until school age that children begin to enjoy competitive games.

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44
Q

Describe onlooker play

A

child watches other children but makes no movement to join. Example: younger sibling watching an older sibling bounce a ball

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45
Q

Describe solitary play

A

children play alone with different toys than other children in the same area

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46
Q

Describe parallel play

A

play with similar toys in a smaller space, but toys are used in the way the child sees them (toddler)

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47
Q

Describe associative play

A

kids play together with the same toys but no organization or leadership (beehive soccer)

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48
Q

Describe cooperative play

A

children play together in an organized groups- each person has a role (sports, house)

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49
Q

Ages and stages is also called

A

ASQ-3

takes 10-15min for parents to complete

19 questions from 1mo to 5.5 years old

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50
Q

Assessment of child with developmental disabilities

A

ASQ in primary pare setting

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51
Q

Congenital anomalies

A

occur in 2-4% of live birth

Deformations: caused by extrinsic mechanical force (club foot cause by uterine constraint)

Disruptions: breakdown of previously normal tissues (Ex: genital amputations from amniotic bands wrapping around and cutting off circulation)

Dysplasias: abnormal organization of cells (can happen to teeth, hair, nails)

Malformations: malformations of organs or body parts (cleft lip)

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52
Q

Disorders of the intrauterine environment effect on baby’s genes

A

Teratogens (drugs that causes congenital abnormalities ex: warfarin, phenytoin)

Substance abuse: alcohol, cocaine

Infectious agents: cytomegalovirus, rubella

Physical agents: hyperthermia, maternal ionizing radiation

metabolic agents: maternal PKU

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53
Q

how are the Sequence for pediatric assessments generally altered to accommodate child’s developmental needs

A

Exam of opportunity
Do eyes, ears, mouth last

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54
Q

T/F: For infants and young children- count apical pulse.

A

T. Radial pulse is too fast to count. count for full 60 seconds

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55
Q

T/F: Count respirations first when examining a child

A

T. count for full 60 seconds

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56
Q

Pediatric blood pressure (BP)
Measurement devices
Selection of cuff
Cuff placement

A

start at age 3

choose a cuff where the bladder is at least 40% of the arm circumference. Should cover 80-100% of the circumference of the arm

measure with upper arm rested at heart level
systolic will always be greater in the legs

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57
Q

describe the Physical Assessment of the Eyes (External structures
Internal structures
Funduscopic examination)

Vision testing
Occular alignment
Visual acuity in children
Visual acuity in infants and difficult to test children
Peripheral vision
Color vision

A

fundoscopic exam shows the back of the eyeball (fundus) if light is shined it should come back as red

photoscreen vision screening for 3-5 y/olds

ocular alignments happens at 3-4 months. when they don’t align it can turn into a lazy eye. must be corrected before 4-6 y/old or can become blind

use the sloan letter chart for testing visual acuity in children. stand 10ft away. to pass the majority of symbols on each line needs to be recognized

test vision in infants by shining light in eye for reflexes and seeing if they can follow a point around the room

check peripheral vision by having them stare straight ahead and measure when they see movement out of the corner of their eye. should be able to see 90 degrees

check color vision with the book where you have to look for the letters/numbers in the weird circle pattern

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58
Q

Physical Assessment
Ears
External structures
Internal stuctures
Positioning the child
Otoscopic examination
Auditory testing
Nose
External structures
Internal structures

A

ears set below eyeline are associated with renal/genetic issues

the entire external ear is called pinna or auricle

the internal ear consists of the ear canal, and tympanic membrane

ear check often upsets kids so prepare them and them potentially restrain them with parents. the kid sits on parents lap with their body facing parents side, parent holds head against chest with ear facing nurse OR have kid hug parent in parent’s lap and have parent hold head to either side for check

when inserting scope, start w/ scope upside down, push down on and forward on the meatus while inserting. INFANTS pull ear down and back OVER 3 YEARS pull ear up and back

ear canal walls should be pink, tympanic membrane should be pearly pink/gray

test hearing with 500, 1k, 2k, nd 4k Hz. Must be able to hear at 20dB

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59
Q

Heart murmurs- physiologic vs pathologic

A

physiologic heart murmur is also known as a FUNCTIONAL murmur, still able to pump blood but anemic or something

pathologic heart murmurs are also known as ORGANIC murmurs that are usually anatomic and do not have any physiologic cause

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60
Q

Physical assessment
Mouth and throat
Internal structures
Chest
Lungs
Auscultation
Heart
Auscultation
Origin of heart sounds

A

look at tonsils, uvula, oropharynx, buccal mucosa, lips
look for color, white patches, ulceration, petechiae, bleeding, sensitivity, and moisture
check for plaque and brown spots on teeth
make sure soft/hard palate are intact

have all 12 ribs on either side. check chest size unrelations to head size. breathing symmetrical. sternum isn’t protruding or depressed or bumpy, BREATHING IS MOSTLY ABDOMINAL/DIAPHRAGMATIC UNTIL AGE 6/7 YEARS, nipples symmetrical, no gynecomastia

right lung has 3 lobes, rate/rhythm/depth/quality of respirations,

point of maximum intensity should be heard at apical pulse of heart, check cap refill by pressing shown for 5 sec and return should take less than 2 sec, auscultatory site are located at valves s1 loud at apex of heart (mitral/tricuspid) and S2 louder at base of heart (pulmonic/aortic), check sound quality, intensity, rate, and rhythm

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61
Q

physical Assessment ()
Abdomen
Inspection
Auscultation
Palpation
Genitalia
Male genitalia
Female genitalia
Anus

A

acultate then palpate abdomen, percuss abdomen to find organmegaly, masses, fluid, and flatus. abdomen is cylindric when standing in infants/young children/flat when lying, shouldn’t be hard/board like, no distended vein in abdominal skin, can sometimes see peristaltic waves, hernias common and should be treated around the umbilicus and inguinal (around scrotum) laugh to test in hernia is present, palpate femoral ulses in inguinal space

check gentaliai by having them lay and put bottoms of feet together. scratch anus to check for anal wink.

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62
Q

Physical Assessment
Back and extremities
Spine
Extremities
Joints
Muscles
Neurologic assessment
Cerebellar function
Reflexes
Cranial nerves

A

check along spine for tufts of hair, dimples, or discoloration. have pt stand straight and bend over to see if back is symetrical. make sure fingers/toes are normal,

no pigeon toeing (toes in) d/t torsional deformities to tibia, make sure Babinski sign is gone after 1 year of age, normal joint ROM

check muscle development is the same on both sides by asking them to show me their muscles, check strength by pulling/pushing on extremities.

test gross motor skills by as=king them to balance on one foot, heel toe walk. fine motor skills by buttoning shirt, tie shoes, draw straight line. Do the Romberg test (see if they fall when standing with eyes closed)

check deep tendon reflexes by checking patellar

reflex

check cranial nerves that control all of the senses by performing various tests

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63
Q

genuvalgum vs genuvarum

A

genuvalgum: knees together and feet spread apart, normal in years 2-7 years old

genuvarum: outward bowing of the legs d/t lateral bowing of tibia. can be normal younger than 2=3 years old

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64
Q

How can we assess pain in children??

A

Behavior- crying, irritability, quiet
Physiologic s/s- inc HR, inc RR, inc BP, sweating
Self-report

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65
Q

What are the 4 Behavioral pain measures

A

Facial expression, Leg movement, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC)
COMFORT scale
Children’s and Infant’s Post Operative Pain Scale (CHIPPS)
Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP)

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66
Q

Describe the FLACC Scale

A

face, legs, activity, cry, and CONSOLability

scale from 0-2

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67
Q

what age can pts start Self-report pain-rating scales

A

Older than 4 years

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68
Q

describe Chronic and Recurrent Pain

A

Pain that persists for 3 months or longer than the expected period of healing

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69
Q

Nonpharmacologic management in children

A

Distraction
Relaxation
Guided imagery
Cutaneous stimulation
Containment and swaddling
Nonnutritive sucking
Kangaroo care

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70
Q

pediatric BP measurement and interpretation

A

use child’s height, age, and sex to determine percentile.

If below 90th percentile, the child is NORMOTENSIVE.

BP between 90-95 are prehypertensive (or more than 120/80 in adolescents).

If above 95 hypertensive, but must be high two times in a row to confirm

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71
Q

what are the 2 stages of development during the infancy period

A

neonatal (birth to 28 days old)
infancy (1 month to 12 months old)

rapid motor, cognitive, and social development. Establishes basic trust and the foundation for future relationships.

72
Q

what are the 2 stages of development during the early childhood period

A

toddler (1-3 years)
preschool (3-6 years)

intense activity and discovery. marked physical and personality development. sense of self (independence, dependence, role awareness)

73
Q

what is the age range for middle childhood

A

6-12 years old

school age. child is less family centered and more peer centered. develops skill competencies. social cooperation and morals develop.

74
Q

what are the 2 stages of development during the later childhood period

A

prepubertal (10-13 years)
Adolescence (13-18 years)

biologic and personality maturity mixed with physical and emotional turmoil leads to redefined self-concept. They begin to internalize all previously learned values and focus on their own identity.

75
Q

Use the child’s height, age, and sex to determine pediatric BP percentile. If below 90th percentile, the child is ___________.

A

NORMOTENSIVE

76
Q

pediatric Orthostatic hypotension

A

supine, wait 2 min, take bp

then stand, wait 2 min, take bp

if systolic dropped by 20 mmhg or diastolic dropped more than 10 mm Hg w/ little increase in HR then autonomic deficit

77
Q

What is the difference between complementary and alternative medicine??

A

Complementary and alternative medicine are often lumped under the acronym “CAM” because they both refer to the same types of practices. But the difference is in how these practices are used: Complementary medicine means these therapies are used in addition to mainstream medicine.

78
Q

examples of Coanalgesic drugs

A

are medications whose primary indication is for a purpose other than pain relief, but that demonstrate some analgesic effects. Antidepressants, anticonvulsants, corticosteroids, and other drugs may be used as coanalgesics.

79
Q

Outline essential pain management strategies to reduce pain in children.

A
80
Q

State the components of a complete health history.

A
81
Q

Describe four communication techniques that are useful with children.

A
82
Q

Provide appropriate anticipatory guidance at any age throughout growth and development.

A
83
Q

stressors experienced at each level of growth and development.

A
84
Q

evolution of relationships at all levels of growth and development.

A
85
Q

infants should have__to__oz weight gain per week

A

5-7

86
Q

infants should be double their birth weight by age____months

A

6

87
Q

infants should be triple their birth weight by age___year

A

1

88
Q

after a child’s first birthday, Height increases by__ inch per month every ___ months

A

1 inch

6 months

89
Q

T/F: After 18 months, children grow in spurts rather than on a gradual incline

A

true

90
Q

describe the maturation of bodily systems as children age

A

Slowing of respiratory rate
Slowing of heart rate
Hematopoietic changes
Head growth
Differentiation of the nervous system
Maturation of digestive processes
Maturation of immunologic system
Thermoregulation
Maturation of renal function
Increase in auditory acuity and perception

91
Q

when do children begin Grasping objects

A

ages 2 to 3 months

92
Q

when do children begin to Transferring object between hands

A

age 7 months

93
Q

children develop the Pincer grasp at age

A

age 10 months

94
Q

children begin Removing objects from container at age

A

age 11 months

95
Q

children begin Building tower of two blocks at age

A

age 1 year

96
Q

at what age do babies start Rolling over

A

Age 5 months: abdomen to back
Age 6 months: back to abdomen

97
Q

at what age should babies begin to sit on their own

A

age 7 months

98
Q

at what age should babies be able to move from prone to sitting position

A

age 10 months

99
Q

at what age should a baby begin to crawl

A

ages 6 to 7 months

100
Q

at what age should a baby begin Walking with assistance:

A

age 11 months

101
Q

describe Reactive attachment disorder (RAD)

A

Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is a condition where a child doesn’t form healthy emotional bonds with their caretakers (parental figures), often because of emotional neglect or abuse at an early age. Children with RAD have trouble managing their emotions. They struggle to form meaningful connections with other people.

102
Q

at what age should a baby begin Walking alone:

A

age 1 year

103
Q

what kinds of thing should babies eat during the first 6 months of life

A

First 6 months of life: human milk should be the only food

Second 6 months
Selection and preparation of solid foods
Introduction of solid foods
Weaning from breast or bottle

104
Q

By ages 3-4 months, nocturnal sleep lasts _______ hours

A

9-11

105
Q

start using fluoride on teeth at ___ months

A

6

106
Q

Prevention of dental caries in infants

A

No bottle propping
No milk in bed
No fruit juices

107
Q

children should be ina car seat until their ___ birthday

A

8th

108
Q

a plagiocephaly skull looks

A

slanted and pointy on top

109
Q

a braciocephaly skull looks

A

square with flat back of head

110
Q

what are symptoms of a cows milk protein allergy in infants

A

gurguly, painful stomach

skin reaction

respritory reaction

111
Q

name things that can cause Failure to Thrive (FTT)

A

Inadequate caloric intake
Inadequate absorption
Increased metabolism
Defective utilization

112
Q

Apparent life-threatening event (ALTE)

A

used to be aborted SIDS where pt exhibits apnea and cyanosis/redness. choking, gagging, or coughing

113
Q

Brief Resolved Unexplained Event (BRUE)

A

Aborted or near-miss SIDS
Unexplained respiratory pause > 20 seconds

Therapeutic management
Theophylline/caffeine
Home apnea monitors
Family support
CPR training

114
Q

Risk factors for SIDS

A

prone position, soft bedding, overheating, co-sleeping, maternal smoking, genetic predisposition, prolonged Q-T interval, male, low APGAR, recent viral illness

115
Q

Protective factors for SIDS

A

Breast feeding, pacifier use, sleeping on back, updated immunizations,

116
Q

when are “The terrible twos”

A

Ages 12 to 36 months

117
Q

a toddlers Weight gain should slow to ___ lb/year

A

4 to 6

118
Q

Birth weight should be quadrupled
by age ___years

A

2½

119
Q

a toddlers Height increases about __ inches/year

A

3

120
Q

describe the progression of a toddlers growth

A

Elongation of legs rather than trunk
Growth is steplike rather than linear

121
Q

Visual acuity of_____ is acceptable for toddlers

A

20/40

122
Q

Most physiologic systems are relatively mature by the end of _____

A

toddlerhood

123
Q

what kind of health problems are common among toddlers

A

Upper respiratory infections, otitis media, and tonsillitis

124
Q

Refinement of coordination happens Between ages

A

2 and 3 years

125
Q

a child should be able to throw a ball by

A

By 18 months

126
Q

Child recognizes gender differences by age___years

A

2

127
Q

Gender identity is formed by age ____ years

A

3

128
Q

By age ___ years, child uses multiword sentences

A

2

129
Q

Parallel play

A

when a child plays on their own with children around. Happens mostly with toddlers

130
Q

Imitation play

A

a type of play where a child begins to copy or mimic another person. A child seeing another child play egg shakers, to match the feel of the music, or a child noticing that Mommy dances slower, when the music is slower, then matching her tempo, are examples of imitative play in action.

131
Q

Tactile play

A

playdough, sand play

132
Q

how do you asses readiness for Toilet Training

A

Voluntary sphincter control
Able to stay dry >2 hr
Fine motor skills to remove clothing
Willingness to please parents
Curiosity about adult or sibling’s toilet habits
Impatient with wet or soiled diapers

133
Q

temper tantrums can be considered abnormal if pt is age __ or ___

A

<1 yr or >4 yr

134
Q

Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of lead poisoning

A

collects in bones and inhibits calcium which also leads to neurological deficits. if iron deficient they absorb lead more easily

135
Q

Diagnostic evaluation of lead poisoning

A

elevation of EP level

136
Q

Chelation therapy

A

treatment for extreme lead poisoning, monitor kidney function during treatment

137
Q

school agePhysiologically begins with ____________; ends at puberty with _____________

A

shedding of first deciduous teeth

acquisition of final permanent teeth

138
Q

a school age child’s height should increase by __ inches/year and weight increases by ___ kg/year

A

Height increases by 2 inches/year

Weight increases by 2-3 kg/year

139
Q

Puberty begins at approximately age __ in girls and age __ in boys

A

10

12

140
Q

Rules and rituals
Team play
Quiet games and activities
Ego mastery

A

Rules and rituals: children make their own weird rules

Team play: playing normal games and sports

quiet games and activities: collect things, play video games, read

ego mastery: children develop skills that they’re proud of

141
Q

“Latchkey children”

A

children who are left to themselves after school

142
Q

Dishonest behavior happens with ___ age children

A

school

143
Q

Use of estrogens to control ht if….

A

initiated before menarche

144
Q

Primary versus secondary enuresis

A

primary is bedwetting when they’ve never been dry

secondary is bedwetting when its never happened before

145
Q

Primary - Secondary - Psychogenic Encopresis

A

primary is pooping their pants before age 4

secondary is pooping pants after age 4

146
Q

Pediculosis Capitis

A

Head lice are tiny insects that feed on blood from the human scalp. They spread through direct contact

147
Q

Scabies

A

Scabies is an itchy skin rash caused by a tiny mite that burrows under the skin and lays eggs. It can spread easily through close contact and is contagious.

148
Q

Tinea corporis Tinea capitis

A

fungal infection that affects your child’s scalp and hair. Symptoms of tinea capitis include swollen red patches, dry scaly rashes, itchiness and hair loss. Mold-like fungi called dermatophytes cause tinea capitis. Treatment for a tinea capitis infection involves the use of an oral antifungal medication.

149
Q

Molluescum Contagiosum

A

fairly common skin infection caused by a virus. It causes round, firm, painless bumps ranging in size from a pinhead to a pencil eraser. If the bumps are scratched or injured, the infection can spread to nearby skin. Molluscum contagiosum also spreads through person-to-person contact and contact with infected objects.

150
Q

Associative play
Group play without rules
Imitative play
Imaginative play
Imaginary playmates
Dramatic play
Mutual play

A
151
Q

preschoolers need ___________ calories per day

A

1400-1600

152
Q

preschooler fluid requirement is ___ mg/kg

A

100 mL/kg

153
Q

preschoolers should sleep_____ hours per night

A

12 hours per night

154
Q

Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)
Roseola infantum
Scarlet fever

A

Erythema infectiosum: swollen face with red spotty rash and fever/nausea

Roseola infantum: little red papules all over body with fever

Scarlet fever: intesne red rash around joints, super red mouth, pale face

155
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Result of hormonal changes: voice change, hair growth, breast enlargement, fat deposits

156
Q

describe Hormonal Changes of Puberty

A

Anterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus play a role
Hormones stimulate gonads
Gonads secrete sex-appropriate hormones

157
Q

Girls: estrogen increases until about___years after menarche

A

3

levels then remain at this maximum throughout reproductive life

158
Q

Androgens are…

A

“Masculinizing hormones”
Secreted in small and gradually increasing amounts for up to 7-9 years

159
Q

Tanner stages of sexual maturity

A

stage 1 immature - stage 5 mature

Females: breast size and pubic hair

Males: penis/scrotum shape and pubic hair

160
Q

define Thelarche:

A

appearance of breast buds; ages 9-13 years

161
Q

define Adrenarche:

A

growth of pubic hair on mons pubis; 2-6 months after thelarche

162
Q

define Menarche:

A

initial appearance of menstruation, approximately 2 years after first pubescent changes; average age, 12 years 4 months in North America

163
Q

Boys First pubescent changes:

A

testicular enlargement, thinning, reddening, and increased looseness of scrotum; ages 9½-14 years

Penile enlargement, pubic hair growth, voice changes, facial hair growth

164
Q

__%-__% of total height achieved during puberty
Usually occurs within __ to __ months

A

20%-25%

24 to 36

165
Q

top three causes of death for adolescents

A
  1. car crash

Second leading cause of death- suicide

Third leading cause of death- homicide, most by firearms (BUT this is rising rapidly!)

166
Q

define Variocele

A

enlargement of veins in the scrotum, feels like a bag of worms

167
Q

define Epididymitis

A

Inflammation of the tube at the back of the testicle that stores and carries sperm.
Epididymitis is often caused by a bacterial or sexually transmitted infection.
Pain and swelling in the testicle are common.
Treatment usually is antibiotics. Rarely, pus may need to be drained or part or all of the coiled tube may be surgically removed.

168
Q

define Testicular torsion:

A

A twisting of the male organ that makes hormones and sperm (testicle).
When the testicle rotates (testicular torsion), it twists the cord supplying blood to the loose bag of skin (scrotum) beneath the penis. This may occur after vigorous activity, a minor injury to the testicles, or sleep.
Sudden, severe pain and swelling in the testicle are symptoms.
Surgery is required. Treated promptly, the testicle can often be saved. A longer wait may affect fertility.

169
Q

what age group is notoriously egocentric

A

early childhood (younger than 5 years old)

170
Q

when can you start doing head to toe assessments instead of an altered sequence assessment

A

starting preschool age

171
Q

what are the Requirements for obtaining informed consent

A

The person must be capable of giving consent: age at majority (usually age 18)

The person must receive the information needed to make an intelligent decision

The person must act voluntarily when exercising freedom of choice

two licensed people have to be in room when giving informed consent

172
Q

n95 for ______ precautions (measles and TB and varicella)

A

airborne

173
Q

when kids get injections, to hold them still you should

A

utilize therapeutic holding

174
Q

when kids get sutures or place an NG tube, to hold them still you should

A

Posey vest

175
Q

Determining the injection site for walking vs. non-walking kids

A

not walking = vastus lateralis,
walking = deltoid or ventro-gluteal)

Older children ventrogluteal and hip for IM.

176
Q

Use ____ artery for central line in babies

A

femoral

177
Q

when would you do Rectal Administration of Medications

A

Alternative route when oral route is difficult or contraindicated

use pinky, dont do on babies under 28 days

CHILDRENS (8 decks)

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