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Med conditions 1 (CV) > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Preload

A

End-diastolic volume

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2
Q

After load

A

Stress in the wall of left ventricle during ejection (SVR/TPR)

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3
Q

SVR

A

Systemic vascular resistance (afterload)

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4
Q

TPR

A

Total peripheral resistance

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5
Q

Contractility

A

Inotropy- innate ability of the heart muscle to contract and generate force

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6
Q

Treppe reflex

A

Increases in HR result in increases in contractile force

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7
Q

Frank-starling mechanism

A

Ability of heart to change its force of contraction and therefore stroke volume in response to changes in venous return

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8
Q

Cardiac output =

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

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9
Q

Blood pressure =

A

Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

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10
Q

As BP decreases, the baroreceptor firing rate …….and sympathetic output….

A

Decreases (think foot off the brake)
, increases

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11
Q

Anrep reflex

A

With an abrupt increase in afterload, contractility increases to prevent dangerous decreases in SV

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12
Q

Bainbridge Reflex

A

Increase venous return-> stimulation of right atrium stretch reflex -> tachycardia

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13
Q

VO2 =

A

Cardiac output x (A-V) O2 difference

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14
Q

Q= (think pressure)

A

Change in pressure/resistance (r^4)

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15
Q

Q= (think velocity)

A

Velocity x Area

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16
Q

Heart layers from outside to inside

A

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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17
Q

Myocardial Cells

A

Branching, one central nuclei, intercalated discs

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18
Q

Gap junctions

A

Form between myocardial cells allowing small molecules including ions to pass

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19
Q

Wigger’s diagram

A

Cardiac cyle

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20
Q

Pressure/volume diagram

A

A-mitral valve opens, B-mitral valve closes, C- aortic valve opens, D- aortic valve closes

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21
Q

SA Node Rate

A

60-100

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22
Q

AV Node Rate

A

40-60

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23
Q

Ventricular/Purkinje System Rate

A

20-40

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24
Q

Parasympathetic control on HR

A

SA and AV nodes concentrating in atria

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25
Q

Sympathetic node control

A

Supply SA/AV nodes and muscles of the ventricles

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26
Q

Chronotropy

A

Heart rate

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27
Q

Dromotropy

A

Conduction velocity

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28
Q

Inotropy

A

Contraction of myocardium

29
Q

Lusitropy

A

Relaxation of myocardium

30
Q

What does Epi/norepi effect on alpha 1 receptors?

A

Located on smooth muscle and causes vasoconstriction

31
Q

What does Epi/norepi effect on beta-1 receptors?

A

Heart - increases HR, contractility, conduction velocity

32
Q

What does Epi/norepi effect on beta-2 receptors?

A

Lungs- smooth muscle in coronary arteries and lungs causing vasodilation

33
Q

When in cardiac cycle does the heart get its own blood?

A

Diastole

34
Q

Functions of pericardium

A

Reduce friction with contraction, stabilizes/anchors heart in thorax, protection, promotes distribution of contractile forces

35
Q

Cardiac Tamponade

A

Build up of fluid in the pericardium

36
Q

Windkessel Effect

A

Arteries distend when blood pressure rises in systole and recoil when BP falls in diastole - keeps blood flow constant down stream

37
Q

Function of small arteries and arterioles

A

Regulate BP, regulate blood distribution

38
Q

Capillaries

A

Function to provide area of exchange for gases, nutrients and waste.

Single layer of endothelial cells

Associated with contractile pericytes

39
Q

Venous system

A

Return blood to heart, serve as reservoir for blood (capacitance vessel)

40
Q

Auto regulation

A

Attempts to maintain a constant blood flow of an organ despite changes in perfusion pressure

41
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)=

A

Diastolic BP + 1/3(SBP-DBP)

Represents organ perfusion pressure (NEEDS to be above 60mmHg)

42
Q

Normal resting membrane potential

A

-70mV

43
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Too much potassium (membrane potential become more positive) - happens in kidney disease, diabetes, post-op

Can lead to spontaneous cell depolarization altering nerve, heart and muscle function

44
Q

Potassium

A

Normal:3.5-5.3
Hyperkalemia: >5.3
Signs: fatigue, muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis

ECG: widening of QRS, tachycardia, cardiac arrest

45
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Fatigue, paralysis, respiratory failure

ECG: st segment depression, PVC/PAC, v-fib

46
Q

Cardiomyocyte action potential curve:

A

4: resting cell
0: sodium comes in
1: potassium comes out
2: calcium comes in, potassium comes out
3: potassium comes out

47
Q

Exercise Stress Test

A

Progressively stress cardiovascular and pulmonary systems in a controlled manner

48
Q

Exercise test

A

Speed/elevation/resistance

Goal: 8-12min

Large muscle groups and rhythmic in nature

49
Q

Pharmacological Test

A

Used for those who cannot exercise

Dipyridamole(persantine) - vasodilator
Adenosine- vasodilator
Dobutamine- increases HR/contractility

50
Q

Submaximal test

A

Test is terminated at predetermined end point- HR/specific workload/time point

51
Q

Maximal test/graded exercise test

A

Peak- symptom limited
Max- specific conditions must be met

52
Q

VO2 max criteria

A

HR:BP plateau even though workload increases

Within 5-15beats of predicted max HR

Blood lactate > 8-100mmol/L

53
Q

Heart Failure (ventilation)

A

Increased ventilation at all workloads
Decreased maximal ventilation
Increased CO2 production at all workloads

54
Q

Phase 1 cardiac rehabilitation

A

F: mobilization 2-4x daily
I: 3-5 METs , resting HR + 50bpm
T: progress to >150min light to mod
T: AROM, ADLs, light resistance

55
Q

Phase 2 cardiac rehab

A

F: 3-5x per week
I: HR based or RPE
T: greater than 150min per week mod
T: aerobic and resistance exercise training

56
Q

BP and exercise

A

Systolic: increases with intensity
Diastolic: stays relatively the same 10-15mmhg

57
Q

Rate Pressure Product

A

Measure of the stress put on cardiac muscle

RPP= HR x systolic BP

58
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

How body acts on drug

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination

59
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

How drug acts on body

60
Q

ADR

A

Adverse drug reaction

61
Q

Portal Circulation (first pass metabolism)

A

The circulation of nutrient rich blood between the gut and liver. Portal venous blood contains all products of digestion absorbed from GO tract

62
Q

Bioavailability

A

Amount of drug that reaches the systemic circulation

63
Q

Volume of distribution

A

The total amount of drug in the body compared to the concentration in the bloodstream

64
Q

Half Life

A

Time it takes for concentration of drug to be reduced by 50%

65
Q

Steady state

A

When clearance rate and dose rate are equal - continuous infusion is 3-5 half lives

66
Q

Long half life

A

Drug takes a long time to reach steady state - a loading dose is often given

67
Q

Short half life

A

Drug reached steady state quicker

68
Q

Higher potency

A

Similar effect at lower dose

69
Q

Efficacy of drug

A

% response

Med conditions 1 (CV) (2 decks)

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