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International and Domestic Terrorism > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does Matthew 24:3-8 describe?

A
  • don’t be deceived
  • don’t be led astray
  • don’t be alarmed when we hear of wars & rumors of wars
  • understand that nation will rise against nation-peace isn’t here yet
  • birth pains-expect more frequency/higher frequency
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2
Q

What is the U.S. dep’t of State’s definition of terrorism?

A
  • Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents
  • have political objectives
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3
Q

What is the FBI (website) definition of International Terrorism?

A
  • Violent, criminal acts committed by individuals and/or groups who are inspired by, or associated with designated foreign terrorist organizations or nations (state-sponsored).
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4
Q

What is the FBI definition of Domestic Terrorism?

A
  • Violent, criminal acts committed by individuals/groups to further ideological goals
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5
Q

What is true about the U.S. and its’ military relations with Yemen between 2009-2023?

A
  • the U.S. has consistently hit Yemen with air strikes during this time period
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6
Q

What is true about the Houthis and relations with nearby countries?

A
  • the Houthis have been fighting with the U.A.E. and Saudi Arabia more recently
  • Ultimately the Houthis are more interested in destabilization than pure terrorism
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7
Q

What is considered the “dawn of a new era”?

A
  • the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks marked a change in terrorism and types used for different goals
    – new international terrorist environment
    — new terrorist & asymmetrical methods
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8
Q

What are some first considerations of terrorism?

A
  • terrorism is really: a criminal use of force (ie. violence)
  • extremism is a precursor to terrorism
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9
Q

What’s the book definition of terrorism?

A
  • the use of politically motivated violence usually directed against soft targets to communicate a message to a larger audience with an intent to affect (terrorize) a target audience
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10
Q

What is insurgent terrorism?

A
  • terrorism of the weak
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11
Q

What is true of the Houthis and their associations?

A
  • they’re not symbolically associated–they’re a proxy group specifically focused
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12
Q

What is Mala Prohibita?

A
  • crimes that are made illegal by legislation
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13
Q

What is Mala in Se?

A
  • crimes that are immoral by themselves
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14
Q

What is Jus ad bellum?

A
  • justice of war
  • “just war doctrine” (Augustine)
  • President, State dept. explains jus ad bellum
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15
Q

What is Jus in bello?

A
  • justice in war
  • “methods are right”
  • how one handles war
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16
Q

What is true of Mala in Se?

A
  • it’s closer to God’s teaching, societal norms
    – mala in se acts are wrong but in some places where its legal
    – ex. rape, 9/11
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17
Q

What is true about heads of state and responses to terrorism?

A
  • heads of state can reason self defense using UN 2.4
  • ex. the President can violate a state’s sovereignty but through right reasoning
    – though if a leader is a sovereign leader of a sovereign state the U.S. is less likely to assassinate/take them out
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18
Q

What is true of the Roman Age?

A
  • violent demonstrations of power
  • crucifixion used as a means of public execution
  • hard manner of warfare
  • regicide: killing of kings
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19
Q

What is true about the French revolution?

A
  • the term “terrorism” was first coined after the French revolution
  • reign of terror (La regime de terreur)
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20
Q

What is geurilla warfare?

A
  • guerilla: “little war”
    guerilla fighters: larger groups of armed individuals
    – it is NOT TERRORISM
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21
Q

What does Ezekiel 37 talk about?

A
  • the dry bones coming back to life-the nation of Israel being reborn
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22
Q

What are 4 quotes on terrorism?

A
  • one person’s terrorist is another persons freedom fighter
  • one man willing to throw away his life is enough to terrorize a thousand
  • extremism in defense of liberty is no vice
  • it becomes necessary to destroy the town to save it
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23
Q

What is one true thing about terrorism and messaging?

A
  • No such thing as effective terrorism without effective propaganda
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24
Q

What are examples of acts of political will?

A
  • perfectly acceptable assassinations
  • need for cooperation of civillan populations
  • mao’s contribution to modern warfare and political will
  • adoption of military-political strategy (China)
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25
Q

What is representative of intergroup conflict and collective violence?

A
  • structural theory
  • state as the key actor
  • relative deprivation theory
  • absolute deprivation
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26
Q

What are some examples of nationalism and terrorism intermingling?

A
  • Basque nationalism in Spain
  • Irish Catholic nationalism in Northern Ireland
  • Palestinian Nationalism
  • French Canadian nationalism
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27
Q

What is Stockholm syndrome?

A
  • feelings of trust or affection felt in many cases of kidnapping or hostage-taking by a victim toward a captor.
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28
Q

What is Iran’s goal with the middle east?

A
  • get U.S. out of the region
  • and wipe Israel off the face of the earth
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29
Q

What is true about nation-states, and individual lone actors?

A
  • nation-states, and lone actors are the 2 hardest ways to connect to terrorist attacks; sponsoring attacks is stronger, when groups/nations sponsor it then not sponsored attacks
30
Q

What is the IRA?

A
  • the Irish Republican Army
  • paramilitary organization supports Irish nationalism and independence for Northern Ireland
  • founded in 1919; 2005 they stopped armed resistance
31
Q

What are some key dates for the IRA, and what happened?

A
  • the Troubles (1968-1998)
  • Bloody Sunday (January 1972)
  • Omagh Bombing (August 1998)
    • 29 killed, over 200 injured
32
Q

What is true about the Mountbatten assassination?

A
  • occurred on August 27, 1979
  • a 50lb bomb was exploded killing Lord Loui Mountbatten-second cousin of Queen Elizabeth
  • Thomas Mcmahon of the IRA-responsible-was released during Good Friday agreement
33
Q

What is true about the Munich Olympics Massacre?

A
  • 11 Israeli teammates taken hostage and then killed by Black September (faction of the PLO)
  • this attack saw a shift in coverage of terrorism, the hostage situation became televised alongside the olympic games
34
Q

What is the Wrath of God operation?

A
  • a reaction to the Munich Olympics massacre; strong response by Israeli–assassinating those responsible for the attack
35
Q

What is true about the Pan AM Flight #103 attack?

A
  • on December 21, 1988 Pan Am Flight #103 exploded over Lockebie Scotland
  • around 200 people were killed
  • barometric pressure bomb
  • falling debris killed 11 residents of Lockebie
  • the UN responded imposing sanctions on Libya
36
Q

What does Hamas mean in Hebrew?

A
  • “violence”
37
Q

What is true about Hamas (generally)?

A
  • Islamic fundamentalist Palestinian nationalist group
  • target: anyone who opposes their goal of eradicating Israel off the Earth
  • a Sunni group
  • founded in 1987 following first intifada
  • 1997 the U.S. acknowledged them as a FTO
  • 1991 first attack against an Israeli citizen
38
Q

Who supports Hamas (those mentioned in the presentation?

A
  • Turkey, Iran, and Qatar
39
Q

What is true about Hezbollah?

A
  • founded in 1982 by Imad Mughniyah
  • October 1983, a car bomb attack on the U.S. marine battalion headquarters in Beirut
  • fueled by Iranian and Syrian support
  • form of soft power: adopted into the Lebanese gov’t and won seats in Lebanon’s parliamentary elections
40
Q

What is true about the Houthis?

A
  • Shi’a muslim group
  • originated in the 1990’s
  • 2014 took over capital of Yemen; 370,000 deaths from 2014-2022
  • they’re at odds with Saudi Arabia
  • located on west side of Yemen near Red Sea
  • main acts are firing upon shipping vessels that pass by the horn of Africa, disrupting shipping
  • will be designated a global terrorist organization on 2/16/24
41
Q

What is true about the October 7th 2023 attacks?

A
  • 6:30 am 10/7/24 Hamas fighters broke through border barriers separating Gaza and Israel, firing rockets into Israel
  • ~1,200 deaths, and ~250 hostages on day of the attack
  • the attacks took place during Sukhot-Jewish holiday
  • Hamas attacked in response to atrocities Palestinians have faced
  • October 7th, Netanyahu declared war on Hamas-full scale response
42
Q

What is true about the USS Cole bombing attacks?

A
  • October 12th 2000
  • a boat rigged with C4 explosive exploded killing 17, injuring 37
  • Al-Qaeda responsible-claimed Osama Bin Laden through a video released
  • After the attack stricter responses to approaching boats were taken–the ability to warn and fire upon the boats if risk is noticed
43
Q

What is true about Boko Haram?

A
  • “Westernization is sacrilege”
  • founded in 2002 by Muhammad Yusuf
  • end goal: Islamic state; implementation of Sharia law
  • Northeast Nigeria
  • Sunni group for proslytization and jihad
  • over 14 year period ~52,000 Christians have been killed
  • use kidnappings, assassinations, bombings, and torture as means of acting
44
Q

What is true about the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)?

A
  • founded in early 1970’s by Marxist Lennist students
    • mainly Abdullah Ocalan
  • 1990’s designated as a terrorist organization by EU and NATO
  • Goals: independent and free Kurdistan-region near Turkey, Iraq
  • used a lot of bombings/attacks in 1990’s in Turkey
  • notably Turkey hates the PKK
45
Q

What is true about the Lashkar-e Taiba group?

A
  • Sunni Muslim insurgent group in Pakistan
  • “Army of the righteous/Pure”
  • (LT) began attacks in 1993-originally targeting Indian military
  • November 26-28 2008 bombings in a railway station, cafe, 2 hospitals, and a theater killing 174, injuring over 300
    – the group still exists but as a social welfare organization
46
Q

What is true about recent U.S. strikes with Hezbollah?

A
  • Hezbollah Qattib leader killed–was located in Iraq
47
Q

What is true about ISIS?

A
  • became an offshoot of Al-Qaeda in 2003
  • goal: to control land and have a Sunni caliphate
  • used targeted killings
  • IED attacks
  • ambushes
  • suicide bombings
  • obsessed with image of indestructability
  • religious movement with political goals (Caliphate)
48
Q

What are targets of ISIS?

A
  • military targets, civilian targets, foreign aid workers
49
Q

What is true about the Oklahoma city bombings?

A
  • occurred on April 19, 1995
  • 1/3 of the U.S. federal building in OKC was destroyed
  • Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols
  • reasons: frustration with FBI and ATF
  • 168 were killed and 680 injured
  • self made bomb place in a Ryder truck
  • White supremacy motives–Turner diaries as propaganda
  • Waco siege of Texas 1993 inspired McVeigh
50
Q

What is one result of the OKC bombings?

A
  • the Brady Bill
51
Q

What is true about the Boston Marathon Bombings?

A
  • April 2013
  • 2 Tsarnaev brothers detonated 2 pressure cookers at 2:40 pm
  • 3 killed, and ~264 injured
  • after the bombings, an MIT police officer was killed, the Watertown shootout-death of Tamerlan Tsarnaev
  • Manhunt and arrest of other Tsarnaev brother
    – Motivation: the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan; retribution for the U.S. involvement in both countries
52
Q

What was discovered under the UNRWA building in GAZA?

A
  • tunnel network assumed to enable Hamas fighters in their existence and actions
53
Q

What is true about State sponsored terrorism?

A
  • logically developed model, state level participants in a security environment
    – Sponsor examples: Iran, Qatar
    – Enabler examples: Pakistan
54
Q

What is the scale of violence in state sponsored terrorism?

A
  • warfare: conventional
  • genocide
  • assassinations
  • torture
55
Q

What is the overt or covert dilemma of state sponsored terrorism?

A
  • state patronage, and assisstance
    examples:
    • Patrice Lumumba People’s Friendship university
    • Confucius institute
    • state patronage–keeping actors safe from retribution
56
Q

What is dissident terrorism?

A
  • non-state movements, ethnonational groups, or national groups taking part in terrorist acts
  • they acknowledge state repression, and exploitation as grievances
57
Q

What is revolutionary terrorism?

A
  • the threat or use of political violence aimed at effecting complete revolutionary change
58
Q

What is sub revolutionary terrorism?

A
  • the threat or use of political violence aimed at affecting various changes in a political system (not aimed at abolishing)
59
Q

What is establishment terrorism?

A
  • the threat/use of political violence by an established political system against internal or external opposition
60
Q

What is insurgent terrorism?

A
  • violence directed by private groups against public authorities–aims: radical political change
61
Q

What is nonstate domestic terrorism?

A
  • described as illegal violence/threatened violence directed against human or non-human objects
62
Q

What is revolutionary dissident terrorism?

A
  • a clear world vision; goal: destroy existing order and build new society; regressive, corrupt, and oppressive existing order
  • example: Mao, ISIS
63
Q

What is Nihilist dissident terrorism?

A
  • “Revolution for the sake of revolution”
  • Nihilism: Russian Philosophical movement
    • scientific truth could end ignorance
      – no clear post revolution societal design
64
Q

What is nationalist dissident terrorism?

A
  • the aspirations of a people
  • champions national aspirations of groups
  • distinguished by cultural, religious, ethnic, or racial heritage
  • goal: mobilize particular group against another group
  • motivation: desire for degree of national autonomy
    • democratic political integration, regional self governance, ethnic and cultural identifiers
65
Q

What is the antistate nature of terrorism from below?

A
  • goal: defeat state and its institutions
  • clear vision of a new society (revolutionary dissidents)
  • vague vision of a new society (nihilist)
66
Q

What is true about narco-terrorists?

A
  • only care about money
67
Q

What is true about lone wolf terrorism?

A
  • one individual isn’t connected with sponsors (ie. orgs, groups, or states)
    – mainly ideology and race fueled
68
Q

What is true about the U.S. embassy bombing in Kenya & Tanzania?

A
  • August 7th 1998
  • two pickup trucks outside both embassies exploded
  • 223 killed, 56 Americans
  • Al-Qaeda took credit for the attacks
  • shift of focus on rooting out Al-Qaeda-killing leaders
69
Q

What is true about the Beirut Bombings-1993?

A
  • two trucks blew up the Marine barracks & French paratrooper barracks
  • overall death toll 307
  • 241 U.S. troops
  • 58 French
  • Islamic Jihad took responsibility–but Hezbollah was behind it
70
Q

What is true about the Tokyo subway Sarin gas attack?

A
  • March 20th 1995
  • Aum Shinrikyo cult members
  • sarin gas was left in five subway cars
  • a religious cult centered on Hindu, Buddhist, and Christian beliefs was behind it–the leader claimed to be Christ and the apocalypse
  • 12 killed-thousands injured
  • act of domestic religious terrorism
  • claimed only members of the group would survive the end times
71
Q

What is true about FARC?

A
  • Revolutionary armed forces of Columbia
  • wanted to take back control of the government
  • cocaine and kidnapping
  • 1985–made their way to the Columbian gov’t but then got sunuffed out(?)
  • the group came to an end when Aldaro Vribe the president of the group said he would end FARC-no more political status
  • 2010-they disbanded for guaranteed seats in gov’t

International and Domestic Terrorism (2 decks)

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