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HPHY274 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define plane

A

flat surface along which movement takes place

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2
Q

Define Axes

A

line that body/limbs rotate around

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3
Q

identify the 3 different planes

explain each

A

-saggital plane: cuts body in half through chest
-transversal plane: cuts body in half at hips horizontally
-coronal/frontal plane: cuts body anterior and posteriorly

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4
Q

Identify 3 different axes

A

-mediolateral/frontal: line that goes from hip bone to hip bone horizontally
-vertical/longitudinal: lines form head to toe
- anteroposterior axis: line goes from front back horizontally (saggital)

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5
Q

where do flextion and extension occur

A

saggital plane around mediolateral/frontal axis

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6
Q

when does flexion occur

A

when angle at joint DECREASES

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7
Q

when does extension occur

A

when angle at joint INCREASES

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8
Q

ankle flexion and extension terminology

A

Dorsiflexion: toes go up (flexion)
Plantarflexion: point toes (extension)

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9
Q

which joints move along saggital plane when walking

A

hip, knee and ankle

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10
Q

where does adduction occur

A

frontal plane around saggital/anteroposterior axis

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11
Q

define ABduction

A

moving limb AWAY from midline of body (arm goes up)

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12
Q

define ADduction

A

moving limb towards midline of body (bringing arm back down)

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13
Q

does the knee move in the frontal plane

A

yes at 6 degrees no more

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14
Q

does the ankle move in the frontal plane

A

yes
-inversion: bend foot in
-eversion: bend foot out (doesn’t work as much)

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15
Q

where do internal and external rotation occur

A

transverse plane around vertical/longitudinal axis

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16
Q

what is internal rotation

A

rotting limb towards midline of body (twist arm in)

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17
Q

what is external rotation

A

rotating limbs out (twist arm out)

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18
Q

is there movement in transverse plane during gait/walking

A

yes 7-15 degrees

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19
Q

what is the difference between internal and external loading

A

-internal loading: applies force (adding something to body)
-external loading: deforms internal structures to produce movement(create mechanical stress)

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20
Q

what are the different types of mechanical loads

A

-uniaxial: compression, tension, shear
-combined: bending and torsion

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21
Q

define stress (including units)

A

force per unit area over which the force acts (=force/surface area)
it is multidirectional
units: N/m^2

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22
Q

define and identify 3 different types of stress (loading)

A

-Tension: pulling/stretching force directed axially through a body (pulling arms in different directions)
-compression: pressing or squeezing force directed axially through a body (pushing down on someones head)
-shear: force directed parallel to a surface (pushing upper body to right and lower body to left)

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23
Q

identify the 6 functions of bone

A
  • protect vital organs
  • support soft tissue
  • produce RBC’s
  • reservoir for minerals
  • provide attachment site for skeletal muscle
  • make movement possible and act as a system of machines to receive muscle torque
24
Q

what is osteon

A

functional unit of bone that allows cortical bone to remain ridged while receiving nutrient and removing waste

25
Q

what is cortical/compact bone

A

heavy, tough hard bone that surrounds spongy bone

26
Q

what re bones compromised of

A

-Bone cells: osteocytes, osteoblast, osteoclasts and osteoprogenitor cells
-Extracellular matrix: collagen fibers and inorganic materials

27
Q

describe bone structure

A

composed of collagen, minerals, ground substances and water

28
Q

describe bone geometry

A

-greater surface area = greater ultimate strength
-distribution of bone tissue around it’s neutral axis
-polar moment of inertia: mass AWAY from axis = greater PMI
mass CLOSE to axis = lower PMI

29
Q

what depends on mode of loading

A

stiffness and strength

30
Q

when is failure point highest and lowest

A

Highest: compression
Second Highest: tension
Lowest: shear

31
Q

describe high and low rate of loading

A

-High: higher stiffness and ultimate failure point (high energy storage before failure)
comminuted (displaced fragments and soft tissue damage
-Low: cracking, little to no soft tissue damage

32
Q

what does rate of loading influence

A

influences fracture patterns and soft tissue damage with energy release

33
Q

describe frequency of loading

A

-bone fatigue: weakening of bone during repeated loading
-fatigue/stress fracture: high load & few repetitions
low load & many repetitions

34
Q

describe fatigue injury curve

A

interplay of load, repetition and injury
-low reps = high load
-high reps = low loads

35
Q

describe muscle activity

A

muscles produce tensile or compressive stresses on bone

36
Q

describe aging with bone

A

-low bone density with age
-low collagen and mineral content = small bone mass and size = low stiffness and strength

37
Q

what is Wolff’s Law

A

bone tissue is gained or lost depending on level of stress sustained

38
Q

what are the three types of joints

A

-synarthrodial: no movement
-amphiarthrodial: little movement
-diathrodial: full range of motion

39
Q

examples of synarthrodial joints

A

sutures in the skull/cranium

40
Q

examples of amphiarthrodial joints

A

discs of cartilage between vertebrae

41
Q

examples of non-axial diathrodial joints

A

-metacarpalphalangeal
-carpometacarpal
-intertarsal

42
Q

examples of axial diathrodial joints

A

-knee
-radiocarpal
-shoulder

43
Q

what factors influence muscle force

A

-neural factors
-mechanical factors
-fiber type
-muscle architecture

44
Q

how is force transmitted from muscle to bone

A

transmitted through tendon. muscle creates motion

45
Q

explain sliding filament theory

A
  1. myosin heads splits ATP
  2. myosin heads bind to actin to form cross bridges
  3. myosin heads rotate to center of sarcomere
  4. myosin heads bind to ATP and cross bridges detach from actin
46
Q

what are the different roles of skeletal muscle

A

-synergist: muscles working together to produce movement
-antagonist: perform movement opposite of agonist
-agonist: cause or assist movement
-stabilizer: active in one segment so movement adjacent can occur
-neutralizer: eliminate unwanted joint action of another muscle

47
Q

what are the 3 different muscle actions

A

-concentric: shortening of fiber to cause movement
-eccentric: lengthen of fiber to control or resist movement
-isometric: no movement or change in fiber length

48
Q

what mechanical factors influence muscle force

A

-length: occur during concentric and eccentric muscle action
Eforce>Cforce
-Velocity: faster speeds of concentric = muscle force decreases
faster speeds of eccentric = force increases

49
Q

describe neural factors that influence muscle force production

A

-Activation&discharge rate: more muscle work when shortening follows stretching but if stretch is held too long effects go away
-Motor unit recruitment: muscle force is proportional to mu’s recruited and rate of stimulation. synchronization of firing impulses may increase muscle force

50
Q

qualities of activation and discharge rate

A

-Summation: overall affect of added stimuli
-Tetanus: sustained maximal tension due to his frequency stimulation

51
Q

define motor unit

A

single motor neuron and all of the muscles it innervates

52
Q

identify properties of muscle fiber type

7

A

-shortening speed
-energy system
-size
-force production
-aerobic capacity
-anaerobic capacity
-fatiguability

53
Q

explain Herman’s size principal

A

ordered recruitment
-type 1 recruits first (lowest threshold)
-type 2a recruited second
-type 2b recruited last (highest threshold)

54
Q

types of muscle fiber architecture

A

-longitudinal: straight long tube (esophagus)
-unipennate: bear glass shaped (lumbricals)
-bipennate: diva cup shaped (gastrocnemius)
-fusiform: chicken breast shaped (bicep brachii)

55
Q

compare and contrast parallel and series fibers arrangements (force and speed of contraction)

A

-parallel: side to side arrangements, greater FORCE production
-series: end to end arrangement, greater SHORTENING velocity

56
Q

describe pennation angle and its force production influence

A

alignment of muscle fibers relative to line of pull. more force than longitudinal arrangements.

HPHY274 (20 decks)

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