Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biol 110 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

memorize these topics

1
Q

what is

cell theory

A
  • all organisms have one or more cells
  • the cell is the basic unit of life and essential for the organization of an organism
  • all cells come from pre-existing cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the difference between

unsaturated and saturated fats

A
  • in saturated fats, carbon in hydrocarbon chain is bound by two hydrogren atoms.
    • straight fatty acids can be packaged together tightly, they are solid at room temperature.
  • in unsaturated fats, at least one carbon in the hydrocarbon chain is bound to one hydrogen atom.
    • crooked fatty acids cannot be packaged together tightly, they are liquid at room temperature.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a

buffer

A
  • a substance that can minimize the changes in pH by absoring extra hydrogen or hydrogen peroxide.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is

pH

A
  • pH determines the acidity or basicity of a substance
  • Neutral is 7, Acidic is below 7 & Basic is above 7.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is a

diploid cell

A
  • have paired chromosomes, are represented though 2n (number of chromosomes)
  • 23 chromosomes in each diploid cell (as there are 2, there are 46 in total)
  • found in somatic cells (cells in
    bones)
  • created through mitosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a

haploid cell

A
  • have one set chromosome and are represented through n
  • have 23 chromosomes
  • found in gametes (egg or sperm)
  • created through meiosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the difference between

mitosis and meiosis

A
  • mitosis occurs throughout the body in somatic cells, meisos only happens in reproductive cells.
  • mitosis has one stage of cell division, while meiosis has two stages called (meiosis 1 and 2)
  • mitosis results in 2 diploid daughter cellsn (gentically same) while meiosis has 4 haploid daughter cells (gentically different)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

different stages of mitosis

prophase

what occurs during prophase

A
  • during prophase the nuclear envelope, the barrier between the nucleus and cytoplasm, is broken down
  • the chromosomes (DNA and protein mixture) begin to condense
  • microtubules begin to form spindle fibers which will guide the chromosomes throughout the following stages
  • (in animal cells) the centrioles move toward opposite sides of the cell to form mitotic spindles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is metaphase in mitosis

metaphase

what occurs during metaphase

A
  • the microtubules attach themselves to the centromeres of sister chromatids and guide them to the central plane of the cell.
  • the nuclear is fully dissolved at this point as well.
  • the shortest stage in mitosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is anaphase in mitosis

anaphase

what occurs during this stage

A
  • the sister chromatids begin to separate as they graviate toward opposite ends of the cell (with assistance from spindle fibers).
  • for clarification, the sister chromatids split and move toward opposite poles of the cell.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what happens in the last stage of mitosis

telophase

A
  • the nuclear envelope begins to once again forms, but duplicated to accomdate the 2 new cells ready for cytokinesis
  • chromosomes begin to unwind into chromatins (DNA-protein complexes)
  • the microtubule/spindle fibers begin to break down
  • the cell is elongated and pinched in the centre ready for division
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is

cytokinesis

the second half of mitosis

A
  • the cytoplasmic division of newly formed cells, ready to separate the newly formed daughter cells
  • ensures a nucleus is within each newly developed cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what happens in

prophase i

in meiosis

A
  • similar to mitosis, the chromosomes begin to take a condense form.
  • the nuclear envelope begins to dissolve
  • spindle fibers begin to form
  • however, homologous chromosomes begin to pair and begin to chromosomal crossover.
    - homologous sections of the paired chromosomes begin to swap genetic information to allow for variation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

in meiosos, what occurs during

metaphase i

A
  • by now, the nuclear envelope is completely dissolved.
  • the homologous chromosomes are once again guided toward the central plane of the cell via miotic fibers (they align in the middle)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

during meiosis, what occurs during

anaphase i

A
  • the chromosomes begin to pull apart once more
  • the sister chromatids stay together, while the homologous chromsomes separate. (for variation in gametes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

in meiosis, what occurs during

telophase i

A
  • the homologous pairs completely separate and begin the process of unwinding into their chromatin forms.
  • the nuclear envelope begins to form around the newly developed cells
  • the spindle fibers begin to dissolve
17
Q

ROUND TWO, what happens during

prophase ii

meiosis

A
  • the chromosomes recondense (twice-folded)
  • the nuclear envelope begins the process of dissolving
  • spindle apparatus forms once more
  • the cells with their duplicated centrosomes move toward opposite ends of the cel
18
Q

what happens during round two of

metaphase ii

meiosis

A
  • similar to mitosis and meiosis 1, the chromosomes once again move toward the middle of the cell.
  • centromeres move toward the opposite ends of the poles
19
Q

what occurs during

anaphase ii

meiosis

A
  • chromosomes pull apart
  • sister chromatids separate forming two daughter cells
  • microtubules pull apart the newly separated sister chromatids to opposite poles
20
Q

what is

primary structure

protein structure

A

-primary structure is a strand of amino acids
- sequence of amino acids that make a protein

21
Q

what is

secondary structure

proteins structure

A
  • the shape of the secondary structure is dependent upon the arrangement of the amino acids
  • beta sheet and alpha helix are common folds.
22
Q

what is

tertiary structure

protein structure

A
  • the 3D shape/folding of the tertiary structure is influence by the R group.
23
Q

what is the

quaternary structure

protein structure

A
  • proteins consisting of more than one proteins chain tightly compacted
24
Q

what is

prokaryotic cell

A
  • any organism that lacks a nucleus (internal membrane and membrane-bound organelles)
  • unicellular organisms such as bacteria
25
Q

what is an

eukaryotic cells

A
  • any organism with a distinctive nuclues (and accompying membrane systems)
  • can be unicellular or multicellular
26
Q

compare

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A
  • prokaryotic cells lack any membrane systems (such as membrane-bound organelles and internal membrane) while these are key features for eukaryotic cells.
  • while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that stores DNA (plus control center) the prokaryotic cells have nucleiod regions which contains DNA
  • eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton, notably lacked by prokaryotic cells
  • they do share plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA
27
Q

what is the

cell cycle (and its phases)

A
  • the cell cycle series of steps taken to duplicate DNA
  • Growth 1: the cells grows and carries out it’s function
  • S-phase: when the cell can no longer function properly it enters the s-phase where it gets replicated
  • Growth 2 - final prepartions for mitosis (m phase), so modifying, replicating organelles, refueling, making essential proteins for duplication.
  • M-phase: can be broken into two sections, mitosis being nuclear division and cytokinesis being the cytoplasmic division.
28
Q

differences between

DNA and RNA

A
  • type of structure, DNA is doubled. RNA is a single stranded.
  • DNA & RNA sugar bases differ. DNA is deoxyribose sugar while RNA is ribose sugar.
  • DNA is much large with millions of nucleotides, RNA is smaller with numbers in the thousands.
  • different bases as well, DNA has thymine while RNA has uracil.
  • the DNA gives the command and the RNA follows through
29
Q

what is the

plasma membrane

A
  • cellular membrane = plasma membrane
  • barrier regulating what comes in and out the cell, semipermeable.
  • made of phospholipids
    • head made of phosphate, hydrophilic (like water)
    • 2 tails made of fatty acids, hydrophobic (repel water)
  • due to contrast, phospholipids for the phospholipid bilayer, water-repeling tails face each other and the heads face outwards (watery cytoplasm of cell)
30
Q

what does it do

plasma membrane

A
  • the phospholipid bilayer is the main component
  • main function is ensuring that it is semipermeable
  • cholesterol is the second componet
    • helps stabilze membrane and controlling what passes through
  • proteins helps transport materials across the membrane
  • carbohydrates help in cell identifcation

biol 110 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions