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Psych 3400 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

lifespan development

A

the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior throughout the lifespan
- dependent on nature AND nurture

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2
Q

history-graded influences

A

biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment (ex. 9/11, Covid-19, etc.)
cohort effects with people in common location and time period

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3
Q

age-graded influences

A

biological and environment changes that are common to an age group (occur no matter the location)
Ex. puberty affects sexual development, menopause affects behavior

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4
Q

non-normative life events

A

non typical events that affect a particular person
Ex. car accident, parent dying, winning the lottery

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5
Q

sociocultural-graded influences

A

the social and cultural factors present at a particular time for a particular individual

-dependent on ethnicity, social class, income, neighborhood, etc

-demographic based

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6
Q

key issues in lifespan development

A

continuous vs. discontinuous change
critical periods vs. sensitive periods
nature vs. nurture

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7
Q

continuous change

A

gradual change that builds on the previous level
-developmental processes remain the same over the lifespan
Ex. language development

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8
Q

discontinuous change

A

change occurs in distinct steps or stages (believed by Piaget and Erickson)

-behavior and processes are QUALITATIVELY different at every stage

-developmental processes remain the same over the lifespan

Ex. language production (actually speaking)

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9
Q

critical periods

A

certain environmental stimuli are necessary for normal development

emphasized by EARLY developmentalists

-permanent and irreversible

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10
Q

sensitive periods

A

people are susceptible to certain environmental stimuli, but consequences of absent stimuli are reversible

-current emphasis in lifespan development

-resiliency/plasticity is possible

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11
Q

nature

A

emphasis on discovering inherited genetic traits and abilities

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12
Q

nurture

A

emphasis on environmental influences that affect a person’s development
-environment also affects person prenatal

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13
Q

intelligence (nature vs nurture)

A

genetics can make you intelligent but you also need to grow up in a nurturing environment to be intelligent

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14
Q

schizophrenia (nature vs nurture)

A

highly based on genetics but also common in children who grow up in troubled homes
for children adopted but having a biological parent who is schizophrenic, they are only likely to have schizophrenia when ALSO growing up in a troubled home

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15
Q

experimental studies

A

involves random assignment of an independent varibale and high levels of experimental control

-can assume causality

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16
Q

field study

A

captures behavior in real life settings
-only correlational studies
-hard to exert control
-easy recruitment of participants (they are also comfortable

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17
Q

laboratory study

A

conducted in the lab
-typically experimental studies (can assume causality)
-hold events constant
-difficult to conduct/can be costly (participants can be uncomfortable)

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18
Q

longitudinal study

A

measures individual change over time

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19
Q

cross-sectional studies

A

measure people of different ages at the same point in time

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20
Q

sequential studies

A

mixture of longitudinal and cross sectional studies

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21
Q

correlational study

A

examines a relationship between two or more variables

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22
Q

problems with correlational studies

A

directionality (do not know which variable influences the other) and third variable (another reason may explain the results)

no causality - cannot assume that one variable determines the other

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23
Q

independent variable

A

the things you manipulate

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24
Q

problems with experimental studies

A

they are not naturalistic, hard to control, not always feasible/ethical

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25
Q

Preformationism

A

The belief that the fetus was just stuck inside the sperm
Aristotle challenged this idea with epigenesis

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26
Q

Epigenesis

A

Theory introduced by Aristotle with the chicken embryo
- new structures form and develop as time goes on
-theory was accepted in the late 1800s

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27
Q

Male gamete

A

Sperm, 23 chromosomes

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28
Q

Female gamete

A

Egg (ovum), 23 chromosomes

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29
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilized egg, the sperm and ovum fuse together to form this- has 46 chromosomes

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30
Q

Monozygotic birth

A

Identical twins that are derived from one zygote, it divides into two AFTER fertilization

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31
Q

Dizygotic birth

A

Fraternal twins, two eggs get fertilized simultaneously by chance

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32
Q

Trizygotic birth

A

triplets

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33
Q

Factors affecting multiple births

A

-fertility drugs (more than one zygote is inserted because it is an expensive process and there is a chance for miscarriage)
-older age (older people more likely)
-racial differences (African American’s have a higher chance of dizygotic twins

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34
Q

Risks of multiple births

A

Higher than average risk of premature delivery, miscarriage, and birth complications

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35
Q

Determining the sex of an individual

A

23rd chromosome set
-father’s sperm determines the sex of the child
-ovum is certain to give an X, sperm can give an X or Y

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36
Q

Female sex chromosomes

A

xx

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37
Q

Male sex chromosomes

A

XY

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38
Q

Genotype

A

The underlying combinations of genetic material present

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39
Q

Heterozygous

A

Inheriting different forms of a gene for a given trait
-Bb
-you express the dominant form of the allele

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40
Q

Homozygous

A

Inheriting similar genes for a given trait (bb or BB)

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41
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable trait
-depends on where alleles consist of dominant and/or recessive traits

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42
Q

down syndrome

A

3 chromosomes on 21st pair
most common in young moms and older moms
- the most common intellectual disability
- distinct facial features, vision impairment, heart problems
- modern medicine has increased lifespan of people with down syndrome

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43
Q

Fragile X syndrome

A

an injured gene on the X sex chromosome (seen in both sexes but most commonly men)
- mild to moderate intellectual disabilities
-long and narrow face, large ears, flexible fingers, delayed speech
-often occurs alongside autism

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44
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

inherited blood disorder than affects the shape of RBC (they contort into a sickle shape and die)
- the shortage of RBC will result in blocked blood flow and leads to a painful episode
-yellow-ish eyes, inflammed fingers and toes, swelling of hands and feet, risk for anemia
-average lifespan of 40-60 years old (symptoms show at 5-6 months of age)
-even carriers of this have risk factor

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45
Q

Tay-Sachs Disease

A

rare inherited recessive gene disorder tested for in utero
-destroyed the nerve cells in brain and spinal cord
-mutated Hex-A gene on chromosome 15
-death before five years of age (children experience muscle degeneration, blindness, seizures, hearing loss, and eventually death
–jewish people

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46
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A

23rd chromosome in males is XXY
1 in every 500 males
-leads to feminine features (underdeveloped genitalia, breast development, tall)
-no reduced life expectancy

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47
Q

multifactoral transmission

A

most traits are a product of the interaction between genetic and environmental factors
-environment and genes affect how phenotypes are presented
EX. shyness, intelligence

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48
Q

adoption studies

A

assess hereditary influence by examining the resemblance between adopted children and both their biological and their adoptive parents

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49
Q

twin studies

A

A research design in which hereditary influence is assessed by comparing the resemblance of identical twins and fraternal twins with respect to a trait

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50
Q

adoption, twin, and family studies

A

used in some form to determine the influence nature vs nurture has on specific traits

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51
Q

psychological disorders linked to genetics

A

schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, major depressive disorders, alcoholism, ADHD disorders

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52
Q

Personality Traits linked to genetics

A

Neuroticism- how emotionally stable you are
Extroversion- how much energy you get from being around others

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53
Q

What are the five personality trait disorders?

A

contentiousness
openness
aggreableness
neuroticism
extroversion

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54
Q

Kagan et al. (1993) study

A

4 months infants from China, Ireland, and US were compared
-Chinese babies had significantly lower motor activity, irritability, and vocalizations compared to the caucasian
-American and Irish babies

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55
Q

fertilization

A

sperm and ovum join and form a zygote
- the woman becomes pregnant

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56
Q

ovum

A

400,000 eggs created before you are born and they last until you reach menopause (what your mom does during pregnancy can affect your ovum growth

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57
Q

sperm

A

continuously develop and have a shorter lifespan
-men produce sperm from the moment they start puberty until the day they die

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58
Q

Germinal stage

A

Fertilization to 2 weeks
-starts at the date of conception, NOT last day of period like the medical model

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59
Q

Embryonic Stage

A

2 weeks to 8 weeks

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60
Q

Fetal Stage

A

8 weeks to birth

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61
Q

Germinal stage most known for

A

Cell division
-the fertilized egg becomes a blastocyst which travels to and implants into the uterus
-fetus is most safe during this stage (not vulnerable to drugs, alcohol, etc. bc there is no placenta)

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62
Q

Blastocyst

A

Cells that organize themselves into a hollow sphere

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63
Q

With division comes ______?

A

Specialization
- cells become the fetus, the placenta, and the umbilical cord

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64
Q

Placenta

A

Provides nourishment and oxygen to the fetus & removes waste materials from the child
-this and fetus are connected by umbilical cord
-also provides protection through igG antibodies

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65
Q

Factors affecting placenta health

A

Diet of mother, exercise level
Adverse pregnancy diseases (maternal gestational diabetes, ex) can increase or decrease nutrient transporters in placenta which will overgrow or decrease growth of the fetus

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66
Q

Development of the placenta

A

Cells from the inner cell mass move deeper away from uterine wall and become the placenta
-a chock full of blood vessels that take over the yolk sack
-weights 1 lb and 9 in in diameter, 1 in thick

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67
Q

Pregnancy weigh

A

Consists of baby weight, placenta weight, increased blood volume, and amniotic fluid
-around 13 lb loss directly after giving birth

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68
Q

Benefits of consuming placenta

A

-iron source
-decreased risk of postpartum depression
-helps with breast milk production

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69
Q

Disadvantages of consuming placenta

A

No clinical evidence that placental consumption is beneficial
-disrupts hormones (trick your body into thinking you’re pregnant again
-toxins build up in the placenta
-may decrease milk production

70
Q

Embryonic stage of development

A

2 weeks to 8 weeks (growth from size of poppy seed to an inch long)
-period of rapid organ development
-inner cell mass (blastocyst) develops into 3 embryonic layers
-rapid growth of neurons (100,000 neurons/minute)

71
Q

Fetal stage of development

A

8 weeks to birth
-main stage of growth and rapid development
-organs differentiate and begin working
-brain becomes more sophisticated

72
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outer layer that forms skin, hair, teeth, sense organs, and the brain
-folds into an inner tube that forms the spinal cord

73
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle layer that forms the muscles, bones, circulatory system, and skeletal system

74
Q

Endoderm

A

The inner layer that forms the digestive system, liver, pancreas, lungs, and components of the respiratory system

75
Q

Fetus increase in size during fetal stage

A

At four months, the baby is 4 ounces
At 7 months, the baby is 3 lbs
At birth, the average baby is 7 lbs

76
Q

Interconnection between parts of the body that grow and become more complex

A

arms grow and fingers develop
-brain waves show that baby is dreaming
-movement helps brain become sophisticated
-neurons communicate complexly and the myelin sheath forms

77
Q

Hormonal effects during fetal stage

A

8-24 weeks, hormones develop and form the sex organs
-you can see organs at 20 week ultrasound
-gender differences due to androgen protection

77
Q

Fetus movement

A

The fetus is able to kick, somersault, cry, hiccup, clench fists, open/close eyes, suck thumb, yawn, and play with cord
- they feel vibrations
-movement is precursor the personality (the more movement in utero, the more active as an infant)

78
Q

DeCasper and Spence, 1986 study

A

Newborns can recognize sounds/melodies in the prenatal environment
-moms read their baby cat in the hat in the womb, baby recognized the story when read it days after birth as well

79
Q

Maternal food during pregnancy can influence infant diet

A

Baby eats amniotic fluid in utero, the fluid tastes like food mom eats
-study with carrot juice, moms that drank carrot juice had babies who liked carrot juice cereal

80
Q

Miscarriage

A

Spontaneous abortion before the developing fetus reaches 20 weeks -> before the fetus is able to survive outside the womb (1 in 5 children miscarried)
-most occur during first 12 weeks of pregnancy

81
Q

Causes of miscarriage

A

Most commonly (85%) caused by chromosomal abnormalities
-also due to maternal illness
-old age
-lifestyle factors (diet, medications, alcohol, caffeine, drugs, overweight or underweight)
-infection (rubella, chlamydia)

82
Q

stillbirth

A

Loss of fetus after 20 weeks
-mother must give birth to dead fetus

83
Q

Passing of miscarried baby

A

Typically naturally passes within 2-6 weeks
-sometimes surgically removed
-drug treatments
-D&C methods

84
Q

Teratogen

A

Environmental agents that produce birth defects
-chemicals, drugs, viruses, or other factors
-timing and quantity of exposure is crucial (baby most vulnerable during embryonic stage

85
Q

Thalidomide crisis

A

Medication that was prescribed for morning sickness
-turns out, it was extremely harmful to the fetus
-babies suffered from missing limbs (50% result in death)

86
Q

Mothers prenatal influence

A

Diet and vitamin intake (folic acid)
Age (infertility and risk of genetic complications)
Drug use (aspirin, antidepressants, marijuana and cocaine)
Alcohol use (FAS and FAE)
Tobacco use
Stress

87
Q

Fathers Prenatal Influence

A

Relatively little research on the father’s impact
Age
Tobacco Use
Alcohol and Drug Use
Father’s exposure to environmental toxins (lead or mercury)
Treatment of mother

88
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

A

triggers the release of oxytocin from mother’s pituitary gland, which stimulates contractions of the uterus

89
Q

Contractions of the uterus

A

force head of the fetus against the cervix, which causes cervix dilation and effacement (thinning)

90
Q

Braxton-Hicks contractions

A

not as strong or as consistent, exercising the uterus, false labor

91
Q

Episiotomy

A

incision made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow baby to pass
Rates have fallen due to controversy of the safety/necessity

92
Q

Labor, Stage 1: Contractions

A

Longest part of labor (~11-19 hours) from start of contractions to when cervix dilated to 10 cm (the size of a bagel) and 100% effaced

93
Q

Labor, Stage 2: Pushing

A

Begins once cervix is fully effaced and dilated to 10 cm until baby comes out; Typically lasts around 90 minutes

94
Q

Labor, Stage 3: Clear out uterus

A

Umbilical cord and placenta are expelled from mother
Easiest (little/no pain)
Typically lasts minutes, occuring about 5-20 minutes after baby comes out
Sometimes assisted with a dose of Pitocin to mom

95
Q

Benefits of delayed cord clamping

A

WHO recommends that cord clamping is delayed by 1-3 minutes, as it will increase their blood volume by up to a third, thus increasing iron levels and stem cell storage

96
Q

“Skin-to-Skin” at birth & newborn period

A

-Encourages milk production
-Helps with first latch “breast crawl”
-Regulates newborn body temperatures, heart rate, and blood pressure, and helps physical growth
-Enhances parent-infant bonding for mom/dad
-Fathers can do it too

97
Q

APGAR scale

A

appearance
pulse
grimace(reflex irritibilaty)
activity
respiration

98
Q

Appearance

A

Looking for pink skin
For AA/Hispanic babies, usually pink doesnt show as throught
Looking at feet, hands, roof of mouth
Usually get a 1 just because of the difference in birth, but will improve 5 mins post birth

99
Q

Pulse

A

BPM check

100
Q

Grimace

A

Stimulation through sinuses, tickle feet, or little pinch
Withdrawal from annoyance is 2 points
Faces is 1 point
None is zero

101
Q

Activity

A

Resistance to leg being straightened is 2 points
Flexed is 1 point
Limp is 0 points

102
Q

Respiration

A

Want to hear a strong cry to clear out the air sacs in the lungs of the baby
Strongest is 2, breathing is irregular but still crying is 1, none is 0

103
Q

Vernix

A

greasy cottage cheese

104
Q

Lanugo

A

fine dark fuzz

105
Q

What is the purpose of vernix?

A

moisturize infants skin
conserves heat: good thermoregulation substance

106
Q

When is lanugo not seen?

A

in full term infants

107
Q

Epidural on mother

A

Reduces/eliminates pain
Sometimes slows labor
Other risks

108
Q

Epidural on neonate

A

-Drug strength related to effects on fetus
-May temporarily depress the flow of oxygen to fetus
-Less physiologically responsive, show poorer motor control during the first days of life after birth, cry more, and may have more difficulty in initiating breastfeeding

109
Q

Low birth-weight infants

A

(<5.5 pounds, can be full- or pre-term)

110
Q

Very low birth weight infants

A

(<2 ¼ pounds)

111
Q

Preterm infants

A

(<38 weeks post conception)

112
Q

Small-for-gestational-age infants

A

(<10th% for infants at the same gestational age)

113
Q

Causes/Risks Factors & Outcomes of preterm infants

A

-Demographics
-Medical Risks
-Behavioral/Environment
-Stress
-Majority (60%) of preterm infants eventually develop normally in the long run
Susceptible to Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
-Tempo of development often proceeds more slowly and effects sometimes lag

114
Q

Cesarean Delivery Procedure

A

Baby is surgically removed from uterus
-Occurs most frequently when fetal stress appears
-More prevalent in older mothers
-Sometimes related to position in birth canal
-Routine use of fetal monitor

115
Q

risk of csections

A

-Major surgery for mother, longer recovery, risk of maternal infection
-Reduced stress-related hormones for neonate (respiratory issues)
-Could compromise initial “breastfeeding latch” and longer recovery

116
Q

How common is still birth?

A

1 out of 100 deliveries in the U.S.

117
Q

U.S. infant mortality generally declining since 1960s

A

death within the first year of life
The US ranks only 23rs among industrialized countries as of 2010 for infant mortalities

118
Q

Postpartum Depression
Incidence Rate

A

(~10% new mothers and 1 in 500 for postpartum psychosis)

119
Q

Postpartum depression symotoms

A

Depression: enduring deep feeling of sadness
-Crying, not infront of the baby, being neutral around the baby
-Discomfort around the baby
-Big appetite swings
-Anxiety: intrusive thoughts about the baby
-Unable to let others be around the baby

120
Q

Postpartum depression consequences

A

Depressed Mothers: Display little emotion/neutral face and act detached/withdrawn
—Infants: Show fewer positive emotions; withdraw from contact not only from their mothers but with other adults

121
Q

Newborn Sensory Capabilities Seeing

A

Visual acuity not fully developed but can see to some extent
-Attend to visual field highest in information and brightness

122
Q

How do newborns see size constancy?

A

things do not grow in size

123
Q

Which colors do newborns prefer?

A

Distinguish and show preference for different colors, green and blue preference

124
Q

Newborn hearing

A

-6 years to adult hearing
-Clearly capable of hearing, but auditory acuity not completely mature
-React to and show familiarity with certain kinds of sounds

125
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Infants learn to respond in a particular way to neutral stimulus that normally does not trigger that type of response

126
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its positive or negative consequences

127
Q

Habituation

A

-Decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs repeatedly
-Orienting response at onset of new stimulus
-Occurs in every sensory system and measured in different ways
-Difficulties with habituation as predictors of later developmental delays

128
Q

Which year of life has the highest rate of weight and height gain for the typical child?

A

The first year of life (0-12 months)

129
Q

dendrites

A

Part of neuron that receives messages from other neurons

130
Q

Axon

A

part of neuron that sends messages to other neurons

131
Q

Synpases

A

chemical connection between neurons

132
Q

Apoptosis

A

death of an underused neuron

133
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

are the message

134
Q

What aspect of brain development is mostly happening in the first 2 years of life (birth-2)?

A

synapses are being formed

135
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

elimination of unused or underused neural connections

136
Q

Myelination

A

-Mylelin is the fatty substace that acts as the insulation to the neuron
-Myelination builds and acts as protection, contributes greatly to the weight of the brain, weight triples in size in the first 3 years

137
Q

Which of the following ARE considered the primary medical symptoms of Shaken Baby Syndrome?

A

-Bleeding Behind the Eyes (Retinal Hemorrhages)
-Brain Swelling (Cerebral Edema)
-Brain Bleeding (Subdural Hematoma)

138
Q

Shaken Baby Syndrome

A

-The infant brain is sensitive to forms of injury (due to head,neck, and skull)
-Head is proportionatley larger, weak neck muscles, thin skull
-Shaking can lead to brain rotation within skull
Blood vessels tear, leading to severe medical problems, long-term disabilites, and sometimes death

139
Q

Risk Factors of shaken baby

A

-Boys are more likely
-Parents living at the poverty live
-Parents who have heavy work loads, high stress environments
-Babies who are cholicly or have special needs
-infants under 1, especially 3-4 months

140
Q

How do newborns typically sleep?

A

-Newborns sleep 16-17 hours daily (average)
-2-hour spurts; periods of wakefulness
-Cyclic patterns: 50% REM sleep new born, 30% by 6 month, 20% at adult

141
Q

When do US infants sleep through the night?

A

by 1 year sleep 12 hours in a row “through the night”

142
Q

Autostimulation theory of REM sleep

A

-Idea that the nervous system is stimulated during REM sleep
-Tested with infants who got advanced stimulation visual input had alot less REM sleep, supported that the typical infant is getting stimulation made up in the REM sleep compared to the infant that had it during the day

143
Q

Cultural Differences: Kipsigis of Africa

A

Little mother- child separation, dont sleep more than 3-hour stretches, even at 4 months

144
Q

What is SIDS

A

sudden unexplained death of a child less than one year of age
“Cot death or crib death”

145
Q

Risk factors for SIDS

A

-Diagnosis of Exclusion
-Loose bedding/blankets/stuffed animals
-Once they are old enough to flip over, doesnt matter as much to put them on their back

146
Q

Risk factors for the baby for sids

A

Boy
-Genetic susceptibility?
-Channelopathies
-Defects in channel ions
-Mutations in autonomic nervous system
2-4 months old
Formula-fed
-Sleep much more heavily than breastfed bc of the composition of the formala
Born prematurely/low birth weight/low apgar test

147
Q

Risk factors that mother happens to bring to cause SIDS?

A

Doesnt get prenatal care
Is a teen
Smokes during pregnancy
Drinks alcohol
** More cases during the weekends, new years, and other celebrations

148
Q

Rooting reflex

A

-3 weeks
-neonates tendency to turn head towards things touch its cheek
-food intake

149
Q

Stepping reflex

A

-2 months
-movement of legs when held upright with feet touching the floor
-prepares infants for independent locomotion

150
Q

Moro reflex

A

-6 months
-looks like baby is trying to grasp something
-activated when support for the neck and head is suddenly removed
-being dropped fan out arms

151
Q

Babinski reflex

A

-8-12 months
-infant fans out toes in response to a stroke

152
Q

Eyeblink

A

in response to a sudden noise, flings out arms and arches its back and spread its fingers

153
Q

Sucking reflex

A

infants tendency to suck on things when it touches lip
-food intake

154
Q

Moro reflex (Navajo vs Caucasion)

A

-Caucausian babies show a more pronounced and agitative response to the moro reflex, flail out arms and may cry agitative
-Navajo show a lesser response, calm

155
Q

Diagnostic Tool on reflexes

A

-Can predict problems with development
-seeing these reflexes after they have been gone can be indicative of brain damage

156
Q

Gross motor skills

A

rolling over, sitting upright, crawling, walking (whole body movements)

157
Q

Fine motor skills

A

object reaching, pincer grasp (thumb and index finger grasp), drawing (single body movement)

158
Q

Rolling over

A

3 months

159
Q

Sitting without support

A

six months

160
Q

Walking well

A

12 months

161
Q

Jumping in place

A

24

162
Q

Impact of malnutrition (improper amount and balance of nutrients)

A

-Most common among those in developing countries
-Slower growth rate, seen by 6 months of age, chronic levels lead to lower IQ later on, less well academically

163
Q

Benefits of breastfeeding

A

Allergens
Immunity benefits
Lower risk of SIDS/childhood disease
To mom
- Endorphin increase in the brain to have a better bond with the child and lower postpartum depression

164
Q

Solid foods

A

-Introduction at 6 months, not needed till 9-12 months
-Singular whole foods to be introduced slowly to see preferences and allergies

165
Q

How does newborn reaction to pain change over time?

A

exposed to pain as an infant makes you more sensitive as an adult

166
Q

When are neurons in the infant’s brain are mostly created?

A

prenatally

167
Q

Swimming reflex

A

4-6 months dissapear
infants tendency to paddle and kick in a sort of swimming motion when lying down

168
Q

What do reflexes show?

A

show the body everything is working correctly

169
Q

Pincer grasp

A

8 months of age

Psych 3400 (4 decks)

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