Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
lifespan development
A
the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior throughout the lifespan
- dependent on nature AND nurture
2
Q
history-graded influences
A
biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment (ex. 9/11, Covid-19, etc.)
cohort effects with people in common location and time period
3
Q
age-graded influences
A
biological and environment changes that are common to an age group (occur no matter the location)
Ex. puberty affects sexual development, menopause affects behavior
4
Q
non-normative life events
A
non typical events that affect a particular person
Ex. car accident, parent dying, winning the lottery
5
Q
sociocultural-graded influences
A
the social and cultural factors present at a particular time for a particular individual
-dependent on ethnicity, social class, income, neighborhood, etc
-demographic based
6
Q
key issues in lifespan development
A
continuous vs. discontinuous change
critical periods vs. sensitive periods
nature vs. nurture
7
Q
continuous change
A
gradual change that builds on the previous level
-developmental processes remain the same over the lifespan
Ex. language development
8
Q
discontinuous change
A
change occurs in distinct steps or stages (believed by Piaget and Erickson)
-behavior and processes are QUALITATIVELY different at every stage
-developmental processes remain the same over the lifespan
Ex. language production (actually speaking)
9
Q
critical periods
A
certain environmental stimuli are necessary for normal development
emphasized by EARLY developmentalists
-permanent and irreversible
10
Q
sensitive periods
A
people are susceptible to certain environmental stimuli, but consequences of absent stimuli are reversible
-current emphasis in lifespan development
-resiliency/plasticity is possible
11
Q
nature
A
emphasis on discovering inherited genetic traits and abilities
12
Q
nurture
A
emphasis on environmental influences that affect a person’s development
-environment also affects person prenatal
13
Q
intelligence (nature vs nurture)
A
genetics can make you intelligent but you also need to grow up in a nurturing environment to be intelligent
14
Q
schizophrenia (nature vs nurture)
A
highly based on genetics but also common in children who grow up in troubled homes
for children adopted but having a biological parent who is schizophrenic, they are only likely to have schizophrenia when ALSO growing up in a troubled home
15
Q
experimental studies
A
involves random assignment of an independent varibale and high levels of experimental control
-can assume causality
16
Q
field study
A
captures behavior in real life settings
-only correlational studies
-hard to exert control
-easy recruitment of participants (they are also comfortable
17
Q
laboratory study
A
conducted in the lab
-typically experimental studies (can assume causality)
-hold events constant
-difficult to conduct/can be costly (participants can be uncomfortable)
18
Q
longitudinal study
A
measures individual change over time
19
Q
cross-sectional studies
A
measure people of different ages at the same point in time
20
Q
sequential studies
A
mixture of longitudinal and cross sectional studies
21
Q
correlational study
A
examines a relationship between two or more variables
22
Q
problems with correlational studies
A
directionality (do not know which variable influences the other) and third variable (another reason may explain the results)
no causality - cannot assume that one variable determines the other
23
Q
independent variable
A
the things you manipulate
24
Q
problems with experimental studies
A
they are not naturalistic, hard to control, not always feasible/ethical
25
Preformationism
The belief that the fetus was just stuck inside the sperm
Aristotle challenged this idea with epigenesis
26
Epigenesis
Theory introduced by Aristotle with the chicken embryo
- new structures form and develop as time goes on
-theory was accepted in the late 1800s
27
Male gamete
Sperm, 23 chromosomes
28
Female gamete
Egg (ovum), 23 chromosomes
29
Zygote
A fertilized egg, the sperm and ovum fuse together to form this- has 46 chromosomes
30
Monozygotic birth
Identical twins that are derived from one zygote, it divides into two AFTER fertilization
31
Dizygotic birth
Fraternal twins, two eggs get fertilized simultaneously by chance
32
Trizygotic birth
triplets
33
Factors affecting multiple births
-fertility drugs (more than one zygote is inserted because it is an expensive process and there is a chance for miscarriage)
-older age (older people more likely)
-racial differences (African American's have a higher chance of dizygotic twins
34
Risks of multiple births
Higher than average risk of premature delivery, miscarriage, and birth complications
35
Determining the sex of an individual
23rd chromosome set
-father's sperm determines the sex of the child
-ovum is certain to give an X, sperm can give an X or Y
36
Female sex chromosomes
xx
37
Male sex chromosomes
XY
38
Genotype
The underlying combinations of genetic material present
39
Heterozygous
Inheriting different forms of a gene for a given trait
-Bb
-you express the dominant form of the allele
40
Homozygous
Inheriting similar genes for a given trait (bb or BB)
41
Phenotype
Observable trait
-depends on where alleles consist of dominant and/or recessive traits
42
down syndrome
3 chromosomes on 21st pair
most common in young moms and older moms
- the most common intellectual disability
- distinct facial features, vision impairment, heart problems
- modern medicine has increased lifespan of people with down syndrome
43
Fragile X syndrome
an injured gene on the X sex chromosome (seen in both sexes but most commonly men)
- mild to moderate intellectual disabilities
-long and narrow face, large ears, flexible fingers, delayed speech
-often occurs alongside autism
44
sickle cell anemia
inherited blood disorder than affects the shape of RBC (they contort into a sickle shape and die)
- the shortage of RBC will result in blocked blood flow and leads to a painful episode
-yellow-ish eyes, inflammed fingers and toes, swelling of hands and feet, risk for anemia
-average lifespan of 40-60 years old (symptoms show at 5-6 months of age)
-even carriers of this have risk factor
45
Tay-Sachs Disease
rare inherited recessive gene disorder tested for in utero
-destroyed the nerve cells in brain and spinal cord
-mutated Hex-A gene on chromosome 15
-death before five years of age (children experience muscle degeneration, blindness, seizures, hearing loss, and eventually death
--jewish people
46
Klinefelter's Syndrome
23rd chromosome in males is XXY
1 in every 500 males
-leads to feminine features (underdeveloped genitalia, breast development, tall)
-no reduced life expectancy
47
multifactoral transmission
most traits are a product of the interaction between genetic and environmental factors
-environment and genes affect how phenotypes are presented
EX. shyness, intelligence
48
adoption studies
assess hereditary influence by examining the resemblance between adopted children and both their biological and their adoptive parents
49
twin studies
A research design in which hereditary influence is assessed by comparing the resemblance of identical twins and fraternal twins with respect to a trait
50
adoption, twin, and family studies
used in some form to determine the influence nature vs nurture has on specific traits
51
psychological disorders linked to genetics
schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, major depressive disorders, alcoholism, ADHD disorders
52
Personality Traits linked to genetics
Neuroticism- how emotionally stable you are
Extroversion- how much energy you get from being around others
53
What are the five personality trait disorders?
contentiousness
openness
aggreableness
neuroticism
extroversion
54
Kagan et al. (1993) study
4 months infants from China, Ireland, and US were compared
-Chinese babies had significantly lower motor activity, irritability, and vocalizations compared to the caucasian
-American and Irish babies
55
fertilization
sperm and ovum join and form a zygote
- the woman becomes pregnant
56
ovum
400,000 eggs created before you are born and they last until you reach menopause (what your mom does during pregnancy can affect your ovum growth
57
sperm
continuously develop and have a shorter lifespan
-men produce sperm from the moment they start puberty until the day they die
58
Germinal stage
Fertilization to 2 weeks
-starts at the date of conception, NOT last day of period like the medical model
59
Embryonic Stage
2 weeks to 8 weeks
60
Fetal Stage
8 weeks to birth
61
Germinal stage most known for
Cell division
-the fertilized egg becomes a blastocyst which travels to and implants into the uterus
-fetus is most safe during this stage (not vulnerable to drugs, alcohol, etc. bc there is no placenta)
62
Blastocyst
Cells that organize themselves into a hollow sphere
63
With division comes ______?
Specialization
- cells become the fetus, the placenta, and the umbilical cord
64
Placenta
Provides nourishment and oxygen to the fetus & removes waste materials from the child
-this and fetus are connected by umbilical cord
-also provides protection through igG antibodies
65
Factors affecting placenta health
Diet of mother, exercise level
Adverse pregnancy diseases (maternal gestational diabetes, ex) can increase or decrease nutrient transporters in placenta which will overgrow or decrease growth of the fetus
66
Development of the placenta
Cells from the inner cell mass move deeper away from uterine wall and become the placenta
-a chock full of blood vessels that take over the yolk sack
-weights 1 lb and 9 in in diameter, 1 in thick
67
Pregnancy weigh
Consists of baby weight, placenta weight, increased blood volume, and amniotic fluid
-around 13 lb loss directly after giving birth
68
Benefits of consuming placenta
-iron source
-decreased risk of postpartum depression
-helps with breast milk production
69
Disadvantages of consuming placenta
No clinical evidence that placental consumption is beneficial
-disrupts hormones (trick your body into thinking you're pregnant again
-toxins build up in the placenta
-may decrease milk production
70
Embryonic stage of development
2 weeks to 8 weeks (growth from size of poppy seed to an inch long)
-period of rapid organ development
-inner cell mass (blastocyst) develops into 3 embryonic layers
-rapid growth of neurons (100,000 neurons/minute)
71
Fetal stage of development
8 weeks to birth
-main stage of growth and rapid development
-organs differentiate and begin working
-brain becomes more sophisticated
72
Ectoderm
Outer layer that forms skin, hair, teeth, sense organs, and the brain
-folds into an inner tube that forms the spinal cord
73
Mesoderm
Middle layer that forms the muscles, bones, circulatory system, and skeletal system
74
Endoderm
The inner layer that forms the digestive system, liver, pancreas, lungs, and components of the respiratory system
75
Fetus increase in size during fetal stage
At four months, the baby is 4 ounces
At 7 months, the baby is 3 lbs
At birth, the average baby is 7 lbs
76
Interconnection between parts of the body that grow and become more complex
arms grow and fingers develop
-brain waves show that baby is dreaming
-movement helps brain become sophisticated
-neurons communicate complexly and the myelin sheath forms
77
Hormonal effects during fetal stage
8-24 weeks, hormones develop and form the sex organs
-you can see organs at 20 week ultrasound
-gender differences due to androgen protection
77
Fetus movement
The fetus is able to kick, somersault, cry, hiccup, clench fists, open/close eyes, suck thumb, yawn, and play with cord
- they feel vibrations
-movement is precursor the personality (the more movement in utero, the more active as an infant)
78
DeCasper and Spence, 1986 study
Newborns can recognize sounds/melodies in the prenatal environment
-moms read their baby cat in the hat in the womb, baby recognized the story when read it days after birth as well
79
Maternal food during pregnancy can influence infant diet
Baby eats amniotic fluid in utero, the fluid tastes like food mom eats
-study with carrot juice, moms that drank carrot juice had babies who liked carrot juice cereal
80
Miscarriage
Spontaneous abortion before the developing fetus reaches 20 weeks -> before the fetus is able to survive outside the womb (1 in 5 children miscarried)
-most occur during first 12 weeks of pregnancy
81
Causes of miscarriage
Most commonly (85%) caused by chromosomal abnormalities
-also due to maternal illness
-old age
-lifestyle factors (diet, medications, alcohol, caffeine, drugs, overweight or underweight)
-infection (rubella, chlamydia)
82
stillbirth
Loss of fetus after 20 weeks
-mother must give birth to dead fetus
83
Passing of miscarried baby
Typically naturally passes within 2-6 weeks
-sometimes surgically removed
-drug treatments
-D&C methods
84
Teratogen
Environmental agents that produce birth defects
-chemicals, drugs, viruses, or other factors
-timing and quantity of exposure is crucial (baby most vulnerable during embryonic stage
85
Thalidomide crisis
Medication that was prescribed for morning sickness
-turns out, it was extremely harmful to the fetus
-babies suffered from missing limbs (50% result in death)
86
Mothers prenatal influence
Diet and vitamin intake (folic acid)
Age (infertility and risk of genetic complications)
Drug use (aspirin, antidepressants, marijuana and cocaine)
Alcohol use (FAS and FAE)
Tobacco use
Stress
87
Fathers Prenatal Influence
Relatively little research on the father’s impact
Age
Tobacco Use
Alcohol and Drug Use
Father’s exposure to environmental toxins (lead or mercury)
Treatment of mother
88
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
triggers the release of oxytocin from mother’s pituitary gland, which stimulates contractions of the uterus
89
Contractions of the uterus
force head of the fetus against the cervix, which causes cervix dilation and effacement (thinning)
90
Braxton-Hicks contractions
not as strong or as consistent, exercising the uterus, false labor
91
Episiotomy
incision made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow baby to pass
Rates have fallen due to controversy of the safety/necessity
92
Labor, Stage 1: Contractions
Longest part of labor (~11-19 hours) from start of contractions to when cervix dilated to 10 cm (the size of a bagel) and 100% effaced
93
Labor, Stage 2: Pushing
Begins once cervix is fully effaced and dilated to 10 cm until baby comes out; Typically lasts around 90 minutes
94
Labor, Stage 3: Clear out uterus
Umbilical cord and placenta are expelled from mother
Easiest (little/no pain)
Typically lasts minutes, occuring about 5-20 minutes after baby comes out
Sometimes assisted with a dose of Pitocin to mom
95
Benefits of delayed cord clamping
WHO recommends that cord clamping is delayed by 1-3 minutes, as it will increase their blood volume by up to a third, thus increasing iron levels and stem cell storage
96
“Skin-to-Skin” at birth & newborn period
-Encourages milk production
-Helps with first latch “breast crawl”
-Regulates newborn body temperatures, heart rate, and blood pressure, and helps physical growth
-Enhances parent-infant bonding for mom/dad
-Fathers can do it too
97
APGAR scale
appearance
pulse
grimace(reflex irritibilaty)
activity
respiration
98
Appearance
Looking for pink skin
For AA/Hispanic babies, usually pink doesnt show as throught
Looking at feet, hands, roof of mouth
Usually get a 1 just because of the difference in birth, but will improve 5 mins post birth
99
Pulse
BPM check
100
Grimace
Stimulation through sinuses, tickle feet, or little pinch
Withdrawal from annoyance is 2 points
Faces is 1 point
None is zero
101
Activity
Resistance to leg being straightened is 2 points
Flexed is 1 point
Limp is 0 points
102
Respiration
Want to hear a strong cry to clear out the air sacs in the lungs of the baby
Strongest is 2, breathing is irregular but still crying is 1, none is 0
103
Vernix
greasy cottage cheese
104
Lanugo
fine dark fuzz
105
What is the purpose of vernix?
moisturize infants skin
conserves heat: good thermoregulation substance
106
When is lanugo not seen?
in full term infants
107
Epidural on mother
Reduces/eliminates pain
Sometimes slows labor
Other risks
108
Epidural on neonate
-Drug strength related to effects on fetus
-May temporarily depress the flow of oxygen to fetus
-Less physiologically responsive, show poorer motor control during the first days of life after birth, cry more, and may have more difficulty in initiating breastfeeding
109
Low birth-weight infants
(<5.5 pounds, can be full- or pre-term)
110
Very low birth weight infants
(<2 ¼ pounds)
111
Preterm infants
(<38 weeks post conception)
112
Small-for-gestational-age infants
(<10th% for infants at the same gestational age)
113
Causes/Risks Factors & Outcomes of preterm infants
-Demographics
-Medical Risks
-Behavioral/Environment
-Stress
-Majority (60%) of preterm infants eventually develop normally in the long run
Susceptible to Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
-Tempo of development often proceeds more slowly and effects sometimes lag
114
Cesarean Delivery Procedure
Baby is surgically removed from uterus
-Occurs most frequently when fetal stress appears
-More prevalent in older mothers
-Sometimes related to position in birth canal
-Routine use of fetal monitor
115
risk of csections
-Major surgery for mother, longer recovery, risk of maternal infection
-Reduced stress-related hormones for neonate (respiratory issues)
-Could compromise initial “breastfeeding latch” and longer recovery
116
How common is still birth?
1 out of 100 deliveries in the U.S.
117
U.S. infant mortality generally declining since 1960s
death within the first year of life
The US ranks only 23rs among industrialized countries as of 2010 for infant mortalities
118
Postpartum Depression
Incidence Rate
(~10% new mothers and 1 in 500 for postpartum psychosis)
119
Postpartum depression symotoms
Depression: enduring deep feeling of sadness
-Crying, not infront of the baby, being neutral around the baby
-Discomfort around the baby
-Big appetite swings
-Anxiety: intrusive thoughts about the baby
-Unable to let others be around the baby
120
Postpartum depression consequences
Depressed Mothers: Display little emotion/neutral face and act detached/withdrawn
---Infants: Show fewer positive emotions; withdraw from contact not only from their mothers but with other adults
121
Newborn Sensory Capabilities Seeing
Visual acuity not fully developed but can see to some extent
-Attend to visual field highest in information and brightness
122
How do newborns see size constancy?
things do not grow in size
123
Which colors do newborns prefer?
Distinguish and show preference for different colors, green and blue preference
124
Newborn hearing
-6 years to adult hearing
-Clearly capable of hearing, but auditory acuity not completely mature
-React to and show familiarity with certain kinds of sounds
125
Classical Conditioning
Infants learn to respond in a particular way to neutral stimulus that normally does not trigger that type of response
126
Operant conditioning
Voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its positive or negative consequences
127
Habituation
-Decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs repeatedly
-Orienting response at onset of new stimulus
-Occurs in every sensory system and measured in different ways
-Difficulties with habituation as predictors of later developmental delays
128
Which year of life has the highest rate of weight and height gain for the typical child?
The first year of life (0-12 months)
129
dendrites
Part of neuron that receives messages from other neurons
130
Axon
part of neuron that sends messages to other neurons
131
Synpases
chemical connection between neurons
132
Apoptosis
death of an underused neuron
133
Neurotransmitters
are the message
134
What aspect of brain development is mostly happening in the first 2 years of life (birth-2)?
synapses are being formed
135
Synaptic pruning
elimination of unused or underused neural connections
136
Myelination
-Mylelin is the fatty substace that acts as the insulation to the neuron
-Myelination builds and acts as protection, contributes greatly to the weight of the brain, weight triples in size in the first 3 years
137
Which of the following ARE considered the primary medical symptoms of Shaken Baby Syndrome?
-Bleeding Behind the Eyes (Retinal Hemorrhages)
-Brain Swelling (Cerebral Edema)
-Brain Bleeding (Subdural Hematoma)
138
Shaken Baby Syndrome
-The infant brain is sensitive to forms of injury (due to head,neck, and skull)
-Head is proportionatley larger, weak neck muscles, thin skull
-Shaking can lead to brain rotation within skull
Blood vessels tear, leading to severe medical problems, long-term disabilites, and sometimes death
139
Risk Factors of shaken baby
-Boys are more likely
-Parents living at the poverty live
-Parents who have heavy work loads, high stress environments
-Babies who are cholicly or have special needs
-infants under 1, especially 3-4 months
140
How do newborns typically sleep?
-Newborns sleep 16-17 hours daily (average)
-2-hour spurts; periods of wakefulness
-Cyclic patterns: 50% REM sleep new born, 30% by 6 month, 20% at adult
141
When do US infants sleep through the night?
by 1 year sleep 12 hours in a row "through the night"
142
Autostimulation theory of REM sleep
-Idea that the nervous system is stimulated during REM sleep
-Tested with infants who got advanced stimulation visual input had alot less REM sleep, supported that the typical infant is getting stimulation made up in the REM sleep compared to the infant that had it during the day
143
Cultural Differences: Kipsigis of Africa
Little mother- child separation, dont sleep more than 3-hour stretches, even at 4 months
144
What is SIDS
sudden unexplained death of a child less than one year of age
“Cot death or crib death”
145
Risk factors for SIDS
-Diagnosis of Exclusion
-Loose bedding/blankets/stuffed animals
-Once they are old enough to flip over, doesnt matter as much to put them on their back
146
Risk factors for the baby for sids
Boy
-Genetic susceptibility?
-Channelopathies
-Defects in channel ions
-Mutations in autonomic nervous system
2-4 months old
Formula-fed
-Sleep much more heavily than breastfed bc of the composition of the formala
Born prematurely/low birth weight/low apgar test
147
Risk factors that mother happens to bring to cause SIDS?
Doesnt get prenatal care
Is a teen
Smokes during pregnancy
Drinks alcohol
** More cases during the weekends, new years, and other celebrations
148
Rooting reflex
-3 weeks
-neonates tendency to turn head towards things touch its cheek
-food intake
149
Stepping reflex
-2 months
-movement of legs when held upright with feet touching the floor
-prepares infants for independent locomotion
150
Moro reflex
-6 months
-looks like baby is trying to grasp something
-activated when support for the neck and head is suddenly removed
-being dropped fan out arms
151
Babinski reflex
-8-12 months
-infant fans out toes in response to a stroke
152
Eyeblink
in response to a sudden noise, flings out arms and arches its back and spread its fingers
153
Sucking reflex
infants tendency to suck on things when it touches lip
-food intake
154
Moro reflex (Navajo vs Caucasion)
-Caucausian babies show a more pronounced and agitative response to the moro reflex, flail out arms and may cry agitative
-Navajo show a lesser response, calm
155
Diagnostic Tool on reflexes
-Can predict problems with development
-seeing these reflexes after they have been gone can be indicative of brain damage
156
Gross motor skills
rolling over, sitting upright, crawling, walking (whole body movements)
157
Fine motor skills
object reaching, pincer grasp (thumb and index finger grasp), drawing (single body movement)
158
Rolling over
3 months
159
Sitting without support
six months
160
Walking well
12 months
161
Jumping in place
24
162
Impact of malnutrition (improper amount and balance of nutrients)
-Most common among those in developing countries
-Slower growth rate, seen by 6 months of age, chronic levels lead to lower IQ later on, less well academically
163
Benefits of breastfeeding
Allergens
Immunity benefits
Lower risk of SIDS/childhood disease
To mom
- Endorphin increase in the brain to have a better bond with the child and lower postpartum depression
164
Solid foods
-Introduction at 6 months, not needed till 9-12 months
-Singular whole foods to be introduced slowly to see preferences and allergies
165
How does newborn reaction to pain change over time?
exposed to pain as an infant makes you more sensitive as an adult
166
When are neurons in the infant's brain are mostly created?
prenatally
167
Swimming reflex
4-6 months dissapear
infants tendency to paddle and kick in a sort of swimming motion when lying down
168
What do reflexes show?
show the body everything is working correctly
169
Pincer grasp
8 months of age
