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Psych 111 > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Clinical

A

to understand and treat mental illness

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2
Q

Cognitive

A

basic skills and processes in attention, memory, and language perception

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3
Q

Cultural

A

how geography, national beliefs, and religious values influence mental life and behavior

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4
Q

Health

A

relationship between psychological processes and physical health

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5
Q

Industrial/Organizational

A

how people interact at work, and within different organizational structures

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6
Q

Relationships

A

quality of romantic relationships and close friendships

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7
Q

Social/Personality

A

how people interact

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8
Q

Nativism

A

certain kinds of knowledge are inborn or innate

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9
Q

Empiricism

A

all knowledge is acquired through experience

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10
Q

Dualism

A

the mind and body are made of fundamentally different substances; physical principles do not apply to the mind; the mind is the activity of the brain, not a separate substance

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11
Q

Behaviorism

A

the scientific study of observable behavior

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12
Q

Theory

A

explanation based on observations

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13
Q

Hypothesis

A

a prediction made based on the theory

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14
Q

Descriptive Research

A

measuring what occurs

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15
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

examining humanistic behaviors

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16
Q

Self Report

A

examining personal patterns of behavior

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17
Q

Case Study

A

focuses on only one research participant

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18
Q

Correlational Research

A

measuring the relationship between two factors

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19
Q

Experimental Research

A

altering one variable (independent variable) and measuring the influence on another variable (dependent variable); eliminates the ambiguity about casualty that correlational research contains.

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20
Q

Group Design

A

different participants get different levels of the independent variable

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21
Q

Within-subject design

A

each participant gets each level of the independent variable

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22
Q

correlation coefficient, r

A

measures the strength of the relationship

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23
Q

r = 1.0

A

perfect positive correlation

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24
Q

r = -1.0

A

perfect negative correlation

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25
Q

r = 0

A

no correlation

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26
Q

Population

A

everyone who we think/hope the results apply to

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27
Q

Sample

A

participants in the study

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28
Q

Convenience Samples

A

a type of non-probability sampling that involves the sample being drawn from that part of the population that is close to hand.

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29
Q

Prior to studies being conducted with human participants, the research must first be approved by the…

A

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

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30
Q

Informed consent

A

information provided about the experiment before participating

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31
Q

Freedom from coercion

A

voluntary participation and the right to withdraw

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32
Q

Risk/benefit analysis

A

voluntary participation and the right to withdraw

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33
Q

3 basic principles of research done with animal participants

A
  1. Replace
  2. Reduce
  3. Refine
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34
Q

Neurons

A

the cells that communicate with one another to process information (no more than ½ of the cells in the nervous system)

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35
Q

Glia

A

maintain the local environment that neurons need to function (electrical environment, waste clean-up, immune function)

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36
Q

Synapse

A

relationship between 2 neurons (axon of one and dendrite of another)

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37
Q

Parts of a neuron

A
  • Cell body
  • Dendrites
  • Axons
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38
Q

Cell Body

A

general functions needed to keep the cell alive; integrates electrical activity from the dendrites

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39
Q

Dendrites (input)

A

receive communication from other neurons; branch-like figures (bushier means more synaptic inputs, sparser means fewer synaptic inputs)

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40
Q

Axons (output)

A

send signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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41
Q

Voltage

A

difference in electrical charge (positive or negative) between two locations [in neurons, the two locations are the inside and outside of the cell] voltage = potential

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42
Q

Resting Potential

A

inside of cell is more negative

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43
Q

Action Potential

A

inside of cell is more positive

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44
Q

Myelin

A

keeps the current from escaping the axon in glial cells

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45
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical molecules that allow neurons to communicate with each other throughout the body

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46
Q

Glutamate

A

most common excitatory neurotransmitter

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47
Q

GABA

A

most common inhibitory neurotransmitter

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48
Q

Acetylcholine

A

axon to muscle neurotransmitter (also in brain)

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49
Q

Modulatory neurotransmitters

A

change how neurons respond to Glutamate and GABA

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50
Q

How do psychoactive drugs work?

A

Drugs affect the nervous system by increasing, interfering with, or mimicking neurotransmitters

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51
Q

Agonists

A

drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter

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52
Q

Antagonists

A

drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter

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53
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

connects to the Central Nervous System (CNS) to the body’s organs and muscles

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54
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

conveys sensory information and motor commands into and out of the CNS

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55
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

controls bodily organs (heart, digestive system, etc.) and glands (make hormones)

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56
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

prepares the body for action/fight

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57
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Helps body return to resting state, building energy supply

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58
Q

Spinal cord

A

Divided into four main sections; each is related to different parts of the body
Damage done higher on the spinal cord usually means greater impairment because everything below there is disconnected from the brain.

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59
Q

Divisions of the spinal cord

A

Cervical (C1-C7)
Thoracic (T1-T12)
Lumbar (L1-L5)
Sacrum (S1-S5)

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60
Q

Spinal reflexes

A

simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions without involving the brain

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61
Q

Reflex

A

consists of a short neural pathway between a specific sensory input and a specific action

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62
Q

Pain Withdrawal Reflex

A

a reflex circuit like this has the advantage of being quick - time is saved by not sending info to the brain for further processing before an action is initiated.

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63
Q

Medulla & Pons

A

multiple structures that perform different functions essential for survival:
- Heart rate
- Breathing
- Swallowing
- Vomiting
- Urination

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64
Q

Reticular formation & Midbrain

A

multiple structures doing different things:
- Regulate the stages of sleep [major complementary function]
- Regulate level alertness when awake
- Visual function: directs eye movements towards something that has changed
- Auditory function: helps localize where a sound is coming from

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65
Q

Cerebellum

A

A biological computer that assists the forebrain with control of movement (motor control); Maintaining balance and stability;
Programs the sequence and timing of different muscles for a complex movement;
Coordinating movements with visual input; Learning movement sequences

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66
Q

Forebrain

A

Cerebral cortex + Subcortical structures;
Everything in the forebrain occurs in pairs; Right side related to the left side of the body <-> Left side related to the right side of the body

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67
Q

Subcortical structures

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Hormone
  • Thalamus
  • Basal Ganglia
  • Amygdala
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68
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior. Controls the pituitary gland located just below it, at the base of the brain.

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69
Q

Hormone

A

Made by a gland, released into the bloodstream, detected by other bodily organs that respond to the hormone

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70
Q

Hypothalamus Gland

A

controls motivation and regulates body functions

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71
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

governs release of hormones

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72
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

controls how the body burns energy

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73
Q

Parathyroid Gland

A

maintains calcium levels

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74
Q

Thymus Gland

A

governs immune system

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75
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

blood pressure, blood sugar, electrolyte levels in blood

76
Q

Pancreas

A

controls digestion

77
Q

Ovaries & Testes

A

influence reproduction

78
Q

Thalamus

A

relays and filters information from the senses and transmits it to the cerebral cortex (gateway to the cortex)

79
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

set of subcortical structures that helps coordinate intentional movements. Interacts closely with motor region of cerebral cortex -> where voluntary movements start

80
Q

Amygdala

A

helps detect emotionally significant stimuli (potential danger or reward) and alert the cerebral cortex. Coordinates bodily response to emotional situations (heart rate, breathing, etc.). Known for giving crude information, coordinates closely with the hypothalamus.

81
Q

5 Lobes of the cerebral cortex

A
  1. occipital
  2. parietal
  3. temporal
  4. frontal
  5. insula
82
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

processes visual information

83
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

processes information about touch, and visuo-spatial information

84
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

responsible for hearing and language, visual recognition, and memory formation

85
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, and judgment

86
Q

Insula Lobe

A

(hidden behind the parietal) taste, smell, visceral sensation (bodily needs), ties together experience of pain and emotional response

87
Q

Motor Control

A

right hemisphere controls movements of limbs on the left side of the body, left hemisphere controls movements of limbs on the right side of the body

88
Q

Somatosensation

A

right hemisphere senses touch, limb position, etc from the left side of the body, left hemisphere does the same for the right side of the body

89
Q

Vision

A

right hemisphere received into the left visual field - what’s to the left of your nose - and vice-versa for the left hemisphere

90
Q

Left hemisphere

A

controls language (speaking, writing, reading, listening)

91
Q

Right hemisphere

A

spatial tasks

92
Q

Corpus callosum

A

where the two hemispheres communicate with each other. If the corpus callosum is cut (to relieve severe epilepsy), the right hemisphere seems to be unaware of words that the left hemisphere has just read

93
Q

Raw sensation

A

simple stimulation of a sense organ

94
Q

Full perception

A

organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation

95
Q

Transduction

A

conversion of one form of energy to another; in sensation, transforming of stimulus energies into electrical current in sensory receptors.

96
Q

3 Properties of light waves

A
  • frequency
  • amplitude
  • purity
97
Q

Frequency

A

determines color

98
Q

AMplitude

A

determines brightness

99
Q

Purity

A

saturation of richness or color

100
Q

Photoreceptors

A

(rods, cones) transduce light energy into electrical current

101
Q

Ganglion cells

A

final neurons that send output to the brain

102
Q

Optic nerve

A

axons of ganglion cells bundled together. Carry action potentials from the eye to the brain

103
Q

Blind spot

A

point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind spot” because there are no photoreceptors there

104
Q

Fovea

A

central area of retina, with more photoreceptors per square millimeter (all cones)

105
Q

Rods as photoreceptors

A
  • Peripheral retina
  • Detect luminance only (no color, only brightness)
  • Twilight or low light
106
Q

Cones as photoreceptors

A
  • Near center of retina
  • Fine detail and color vision
  • Daylight or well-lit conditions
107
Q

Lateral geniculate

A

the visual nucleus in the thalamus

108
Q

Feature detection

A

individual V1 neurons are tuned to specific edge orientations, directions of motion, and colors.

109
Q

Ventral path

A

recognition of objects. Object constancy allows us to recognize the same object from different viewing angles and distances.

110
Q

Dorsal path

A

represents where an object is relative to you - how far, what angle, what direction it is moving in, etc. Helps guide action.

111
Q

Attention

A

necessary for accurate visual perception; the glue that binds individual features into a whole percept.

112
Q

Binding problem

A

how features are linked together so that we see unified objects in our visual world rather than free-floating or miscombined features.
(Errors in binding occur when there is insufficient attention)

113
Q

Illusory conjunction

A

perceptual mistake where features from multiple objects are incorrectly combined (colors, shapes, letters, etc)

114
Q

Feature integration theory

A

idea that focused attention is not required to detect the individual features that comprise a stimulus, but is required to bind those individual features together

115
Q

Binding process

A

utilizes structures in the ventral and especially the dorsal path (parietal lobe)

116
Q

Synesthesia

A

may involve atypical feature binding

117
Q

The Gestalt Principles

A
  • proximity
  • similarity
  • continuity
  • closure
  • connectedness
  • common fate
118
Q

Proximity

A

group nearby elements together

119
Q

Similarity

A

group elements that are similar

120
Q

Continuity

A

perceive continuous patterns

121
Q

Closure

A

fill in gaps

122
Q

Connectedness

A

spots, lines, and areas seen as a unit when connected

123
Q

Common fate

A

elements that move together are part of the same object

124
Q

Binocular depth cues

A

difference in the retinal images of the two eyes that provides information about depth

125
Q

Monocular depth cues

A

aspects of a scene that yield information about depth when viewed with only one eye (Relative size, familiar size, linear perspective, texture gradient, interposition, relative height)

126
Q

Sound

A

air pressure wave; moving objects move the air molecule around them, air molecule become compressed

127
Q

Properties of sound waves

A
  • frequency
  • amplitude
  • complexity
128
Q

Frequency

A

corresponds to our perception of pitch

129
Q

Amplitude

A

corresponds to our perception of loudness

130
Q

Complexity

A

corresponds to our perception of timbre

131
Q

Parts of the human ear

A
  • outer ear
  • middle ear
  • inner ear
132
Q

Outer ear

A

funnels sound waves inward

133
Q

Middle ear

A

bones that transmit vibrations

134
Q

Inner ear

A

transduces vibrations into electrical energy

135
Q

Auditory parts of the human inner ear

A
  • cochlea
  • basilar membrane
  • hair cells
136
Q

Cochlea

A

fluid-filled tube, rolled up into a coil

137
Q

Basilar membrane

A

base of the cochlea, undulates when vibrations from the ossicles reach the cochlear fluid

138
Q

Hair cells

A

the sensory receptors. Long, thin cells embedded in the basilar membrane.

139
Q

RATE code for pitch

A

hair cell activity tracks sound vibration in time. Works best for lower pitches.

140
Q

PLACE code for pitch

A

different sections of basilar membrane vibrate more at higher versus lower pitches.

141
Q

Loudness

A

number of hair cells active

142
Q

Time Difference

A

Sound coming from the right side will arrive at the right ear slightly earlier than the left ear

143
Q

Frequency difference

A

the head absorbs high frequencies. If a sound is coming from the right, the right ear will pick up higher frequencies than the left ear.

144
Q

Types of hearing loss

A
  • conductive hearing less
  • sensorineural hearing loss
  • congenital deafness (total)
145
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

damage to the eardrum or ossicles

146
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

damage to the cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve

147
Q

Congenital deafness (total)

A

several different versions due to a defect in some gene that’s necessary in the cochlea.

148
Q

Transducers of somatosensation

A
  • skin and just under the skin
  • joints
  • muscles
149
Q

Somatosensation

A

touch, temp., pain, body position

150
Q

The chemical senses

A

smell & taste

151
Q

Smell

A

information is routed to several brain systems (and bypasses the thalamus)

152
Q

Smell in the frontal cortex

A

conscious perception of smell

153
Q

Smell in the hypothalamus amygdala

A

motivational and emotional aspects of smell

154
Q

Smell in the hippocampus

A

odor memory

155
Q

Taste

A

separate nutritious things from poisons; some aspects are genetic, while others are learned,

156
Q

5 kinds of taste receptors

A
  1. sweet
  2. salty
  3. sour
  4. bitter
  5. umami
157
Q

Consciousness

A

A subjective experience of the external world and one’s own mind
People judge the consciousness of others based on their perceived ability to experience and to act deliberately

158
Q

Properties of consciousness

A
  • intentionality
  • unity
  • selectivity
159
Q

intentionality

A

conscious of something - in the world or your own thoughts/emotions

160
Q

Unity

A

input from the different senses and your internal thoughts integrated into one experience

161
Q

Selectivity

A

at any one moment, a person is aware of only a fraction of what they could be aware of

162
Q

Transience

A

contents of awareness tend to change from moment to moment

163
Q

Dichotic listening

A

a technique used to study attention in which two different auditory signals played in both ears

164
Q

Mind Wandering

A

attention disengaged from the outside world and directed at their own thoughts - but allowed to drift from topic to topic

165
Q

Subliminal perception

A

individuals are able to discriminate visual stimuli they report not consciously seeing

166
Q

Sleep stages

A
  • stages 1&2
  • stages 3&4
  • REM
167
Q

Sleep stages 1 & 2

A

lighter sleep, easier to wake up (early)

168
Q

Sleep stages 3 & 4

A

“slow wave” sleep, harder to wake someone up (late)

169
Q

REM sleep stage

A

rapid eye movements under closed eyelids, dreaming, muscles are actively inhibited (brainstem neurons inhibit spinal motor neurons)

170
Q

Functions of sleep

A
  • physical restoration of cell
  • reinforcing memories that were formed during the day
171
Q

Short term sleep deprivation

A

increases sensitivity to pain, trouble maintaining body temperature, poor immune function, poor retention of new memories

172
Q

Total sleep deprivation

A

leads to death

173
Q

Sleep disorders

A
  • insomnia
  • sleep apnea
  • somnambulism
  • narcolepsy
  • sleep paralysis
  • night terrors
174
Q

Insomnia

A

difficulty falling asleep / staying asleep

175
Q

Sleep apnea

A

stop breathing for short periods of time while alseep

176
Q

Somnambulism

A

sleepwalking, occurs only during stage 3 & 4

177
Q

Narcolepsy

A

suddenly falling asleep during a waking activity

178
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

waking up unable to move

179
Q

Night terrors

A

abruptly waking up in a panic

180
Q

Freudian theory

A

dreams represent suppressed wishes, transformed to hide their true intent

181
Q

Activation synthesis theory

A

stored information is being refreshed, updated, and re-arranged (partly to weave new learning). As snippets fly by, part of our brain tries to turn them into a story.

182
Q

Drug classes

A
  • depressants
  • stimulants
  • opiates
183
Q

Depressants

A

reduce CNS activity by increasing activity of GABA - the main inhibitory neurotransmitter
(Alcohol,
Barbiturates,
Benzodiazepines,
Inhalants)

184
Q

Stimulants

A

increase CNS activity, but in many different ways across drugs (Caffeine, Nicotine
Amphetamines,
Cocaine,
Ecstasy/MDMA,
Drugs prescribed for ADHD/ADD)

185
Q

Opiates

A

originate from a plant, bind to the same receptors as naturally occurring neurotransmitters called endorphins. Many endorphin receptors in a brain area important for pain reception (cannabis/hallucinogens)

186
Q

Cannabis

A

THC in the plant binds to same receptors as a naturally occurring neurotransmitter called anandamide

187
Q

Hallucinogens

A

affect neurotransmitters in midbrain (dopamine, serotonin) that in turn influence the cortex (LSD, ecstasy)

Psych 111 (2 decks)

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