Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sensation and Perception > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

7 steps of the perceptual process

A
  1. Distal Stimulus
  2. Creation of proximal stimulus
  3. Receptor processes
  4. Neural Processing
  5. Perception
  6. Recognition
  7. Action
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Principle of transformation

A

Stimuli are transformed between environment and perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Principle of representation

A

Perception is based on representations of stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Transduction

A

Transformation of environmental energy into electrical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Top-down processing

A

processing that starts with the analyzing of high-level information, such as the knowledge a person brings to the situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

processing that is based on information from receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Oblique effect

A

The eye is better at detecting vertical and horizontal lines rather then oblique and diagonal lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Psychophysics

A

Determining how a person’s psychological perception s related to physical stimuli in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Method of limits

A

experimenter presents multiple sequences of stimuli in ascending and descending order to gauge perception

ex. eye test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Method of adjustment

A

participant adjusts the stimuli continuously until they can barely detect the stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Method of constant stimuli

A

experimenter presents five to nine stimuli with different intensities in random order

more accurate but slower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Absolute threshold

A

minimum stimulus energy needed for an observer to detect the stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Difference threshold

A

minimum detectable difference between two stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Magnitude estimation

A

participant assigns numbers to stimuli that are proportional to the subjective magnitude of the stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Resting potential

A

-70 mV

sodium outside, potassium inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Threshold of excitation

A

-55 mV

sodium channels open
depolarization begins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Depolarization (rising phase)

A

Sodium rushes into the neuron
charge inside rises to +40 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Repolarization (falling phase)

A

Sodium channels close, potassium channels open

charge inside decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Charge inside neuron decreases to -75 mV

sodium-potassium pump restores balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Changing intensity of stimulus affects? (rate or size of reaction?)

A

rate/ frequency of firing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

impossible for the neuron to fire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Relative refractory period

A

harder for the neuron to fire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When action potentials reach the end of the axon, they release of…?

A

neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

light passes through the ____ and is focused

A

cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

light passes through the pupil and is focused again by the lens to form image on the ___

A

retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The retina contains these receptors:

A

rods and cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Optic nerve

A

signals flow through the retina to the optic nerve to be conducted in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Accommodation

A

Lens changes shape to bend light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Cornea vs. Lens

A

Cornea- rigid, 80% of focus
Lens- flexible, 20% of focus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Presbyopia

A

“old eye”
Inability of eye to accommodate due to hardening of lens and weakening of ciliary muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness
inability to see distant objects clearly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness
inability to see near objects clearly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where are light-sensitive visual pigments found?

A

outer segments of the rods and cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the two parts of visual pigments?

A

Ospin and retinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Isomerization

A

When the visual pigment molecule absorbs light, retinal changes from bent to straight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How are rods and cones distributed in the fovea?

A

Only cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How are rods and cones distributed in the peripheral retina

A

more rods than cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Macular degeneration

A

destroys fovea and surrounding area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

retinitis pigmentosa

A

degeneration of retina that first attacks peripheral rod receptors

40
Q

Blind spot

A

area with no rods or cones where the optic nerve is

41
Q

Dark adaptation

A

process in which our eyes become gradually more sensitive to light in a dark environment

42
Q

Rod-cone break

A

Point where rods become more sensitive to cones

cones reach their maximum sensitivity before rods

43
Q

visual pigment regeneration

A

leads to increased sensitivity

retinal eventually breaks off from ospin after changing shape, this bleaches the pigment and makes it no longer useful - retinal must reattach and return to bent shape

cones regenerate more quickly than rods

44
Q

which photoreceptor is responsible for night vision?

A

rods

45
Q

spectral sensitivity

A

sensitivity to different wavelengths/ different parts of the visual spectrum

rods more sensitive to short wavelengths (blues and greens)

cones more sensitive to longer wavelengths (yellows and reds)

46
Q

Purkinje shift

A

at low illumination levels, sensitivity of the eye moves toward shorter wavelengths and blues

reds appear darker

47
Q

Cones (three types, three one pigments, three spectral sensitivities)

A

Short, medium, and long

48
Q

5 layers of neurons in the retina

A
  1. Rod and cone receptors
  2. Horizontal cells
  3. Bipolar cells
  4. Amacrine cells
  5. Ganglion cells
49
Q

Convergence

A

when many neurons synapse onto one neuron

50
Q

Which converges more (rods or cones?)

A

rods
many foveal cones have “private lines to ganglion cells

51
Q

Which photoreceptor has better sensitivity

A

rods (due to convergence)

52
Q

visual acuity

A

ability to see details

highest in the fovea

53
Q

which photoreceptor has better visual acuity

A

cones (due to less convergence)

54
Q

What is the optic nerve made up of

A

axons of the retinal ganglion cells

55
Q

receptive field

A

region of the retina that must receive illumination in order to obtain a response from any given fiber

receptive fields overlap

56
Q

center-surround receptive fields

A

have an excitatory area and an inhibitory area arrange concentrically, in circles

contributes to edge enhancement

57
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

inhibitory signals that travel across the retina

58
Q

chevreul illusion

A

in one patch of color, one side when compared to two different colors seems darker even though it is all the same shade

59
Q

Visual pathway

A
  1. retina
  2. optic nerve
  3. optic chiasm
  4. Lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus
  5. primary receiving area in the occipital lobe (striate cortex/v1)
60
Q

How does the LGN regulate information flow

A

signal from LGN - cortex is smaller than retina - LGN

LGN also receives signals from cortex so feedback could be involved

61
Q

Simple cortical cells

A

excitatory and inhibitory areas are arranged side by side

62
Q

complex cells

A

respond best to moving bars of a particular orientation

63
Q

End-stopped (hypercomplex) cells

A

fire to moving lines of a specific length or o moving corners or angles

64
Q

Feature detector

A

neuron that responds selectively to a specific feature or stimulus

65
Q

Selective adaptation

A

when an organism is selectively exposed to one stimulus, resulting in decreased sensitivity to that stimulus

neurons that were firing eventually become fatigued- their firing rate decreases, fire less when the stimulus is immediately presented again

66
Q

Selective rearing

A

animals are reared in a special environment containing only certain types of stimuli, resulting in more neurons that respond to those stimuli

more long term than selective adaptation

67
Q

retinotopic organization

A

organization of v1

location on the cortex correspond to locations on the retina

68
Q

cortical magnification

A

when a disproportionately large area in the cortex is activated by stimulation of a small area on the receptor surface

points in the fovea get more representation in the cortex than points in the periphery

69
Q

extrastriate cortex

A

made up of areas in the occipital lobe outside of v1

receptive fields get larger

more complex processing

70
Q

Ventral pathway

A

object discrimination

“What” pathway

71
Q

Dorsal pathway

A

How or action pathway

72
Q

inferotemporal cortex

A

responsible for the perception of complex objects

73
Q

Double dissociation

A

Damage to area A in the brain causes function A to be absent while function B is present and vice versa

74
Q

Fusiform face area (FFA)

A

part of the inferotemporal cortex with many neurons that respond to faces

75
Q

Inverse projection problem

A

challenge of determining the objects and properties in the environment that produced a particular sensory input

The same image on the retina could be produced by a number of different stimuli viewed from different distances or vantage points

76
Q

Problems in perception

A
  1. stimulus in the receptors is ambiguous
  2. objects can be hidden or blurred
  3. Objects look different from different viewpoints
77
Q

occlusion

A

when one object is partially hidden by another object

78
Q

viewpoint invariance

A

ability to recognize an object seen from different viewpoints

79
Q

Perceptual organization

A

process by which elements in the environment become perceptually grouped to create our perception of objects

80
Q

Gestalt approach

A

emphasizes that the whole is different from the sum of its parts

81
Q

Apparent movement

A

illusion of movement that occurs when objects separated in space are presented rapidly, one after another, separated by a brief time interval

ex. stock signs

82
Q

Gestalt organizing principles

A

rules that determine how elements in a scene become grouped together

  1. Good continuation
  2. Pragnanz
  3. similarity
  4. proximity
  5. Common fate
  6. Common region
  7. Uniform connectedness
83
Q

Good continuation

A

Lines are seen as straight or smoothly curving

84
Q

Pragnanz

A

stimuli are seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible

85
Q

Similarity

A

Similar elements appear to be grouped together

86
Q

Proximity

A

Elements near each other appear to be grouped together

87
Q

Common fate

A

elements moving in the same direction appear to be grouped together

88
Q

Common region

A

Elements within the same region of space appear to be grouped together

89
Q

Uniform connectedness

A

Connected regions of a visual stimulus are grouped together

90
Q

Figure-ground segregation

A

perceptual segregation of an object from its background

91
Q

Border ownership

A

Figure-ground border appears to belong to the figure

92
Q

Areas lower in the field of view are more likely to be perceived as the?
(Figure or ground)?

A

Figure

93
Q

Areas on the convex side of borders are more likely to be perceived as the?
(Figure or ground)?

A

Figure

94
Q

Physical regularities

A

regularly occurring physical properties of the environment

95
Q

semantic regularities

A

characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes

Sensation and Perception (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions