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Psych Research Methods > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 7 steps of the scientific method?

A
  1. identify the problem/question/idea
  2. read existing literature
  3. test hypothesis/experiment
  4. analyze results
  5. conclusion (do results agree with the hypothesis?)
  6. publication (review and evaluated by peers and editing)
  7. replicate or revisit hypothesis
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2
Q

reliable sources

A

peer reviewed journal articles

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3
Q

grey literature

A

not subject to peer review
e.g. chapters in edited books, full length books, book chapters, dissertations, theses

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4
Q

construct/concept

A

a singular complex idea that cannot be directly observed; abstract theoretical concept (e.g. friendship, success)

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5
Q

variable

A

a concrete, observable aspect of the construct or concept that is different across people or situations (e.g. construct: friendship; variable: pos relationship quality)

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6
Q

conceptual definition

A

the fields definition of the construct in question at a theoretical level (usually found in an article from literature research)

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7
Q

measure

A

the method of gathering data about the construct of interest (e.g. PN-SMD)

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8
Q

operational definition

A

the definition of the construct as it will be measured (e.g. PN-SMD is the measure; OD: pos quality rating of a platonic relationship)

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9
Q

qualitative variables

A

descriptions of behavior and mental processes that stay in narrative written form

pros: rich and personal info
cons: time consuming, difficult to replicate, has small samples

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10
Q

quantitative variables

A

descriptions of behavior and mental processes that turn into numerical form, scores, ratings, etc.

pros: replicable, has larger samples, can analyze with stats

cons: more restricted answers

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11
Q

how do you measure quantitative data

A

NOIR
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio

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12
Q

categorical variables

A

places an individual into one of several groups or categories (e.g. gender: female, male, other)

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13
Q

continuous variables

A

obtained by measure or counting (e.g. test score, height/weight)

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14
Q

binary

A

for categorical variables, nominal (e.g. yes/no question)

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15
Q

ordinal (NOIR)

A

for categorical variables, groups have an order of hierarchy (e.g. grade in school)

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16
Q

nominal (NOIR)

A

for categorical variables, no order to the categories (e.g. ethnicity)

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17
Q

interval (NOIR)

A

for continuous variables, NO true zero, CAN be negative (e.g. temperature in fahrenheit)

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18
Q

ratio (NOIR)

A

for continuous variables, HAS a true zero, CANNOT be negative (e.g. age)

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19
Q

cross sectional study

A

observational study that analyzes data from a population at a single point in time

pros: less time consuming, larger samples, less resource intense

cons: almost only correlations possible

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20
Q

longitudal study

A

repeated measures study, more than one piece of data for a participant (e.g. Subject A is observed at age 5, 10, and 20)

pros: time effects, measure change

cons: time consuming, resource intensive, participant drop out

21
Q

measured variable

A

observed/recorded as is (e.g. record the height of a plant as it grows)

22
Q

manipulated variable

A

something is intentionally changed (e.g. record the height of a plant as it grows while giving it fertilizer, fertilizer is the manipulated variable)

23
Q

sample

A

a group within the population

24
Q

probability sampling

A

every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected for a study (e.g. simple random sampling: put every member’s name of the population in a pool and randomly select a number- number is associated to a person)

25
Q

non-probability sampling

A

all people in the population do not have an equal chance of recruitment (introduce bias)

e.g. self-selection, convenience sampling, purposive sampling

26
Q

self-selection (non-probability sampling)

A

sample is made up of volunteers for the study

27
Q

convenience sampling (non-probability sampling)

A

sample is made up of those that are easy to contact

28
Q

purposive sampling (non-probability sampling)

A

only recruit the type of person you want to study

29
Q

snowball sampling (non-probability sampling)

A

recruitment via social networks and word of mouth

30
Q

science

A

empirical, based on observations

31
Q

pseudoscience

A

theories, ideas, or explanations that are represented as scientific but not derived from science or the scientific method

32
Q

what is the purpose of the abstract in a research paper?

A

it is a brief summary of the study

33
Q

what is the purpose of the introduction in a research paper? what are its 3 key components?

A

it introduces phenomenon of interest, provides background research leading to the hypotheses

key components:
- literature review
- identify gaps in the literature
- research question

34
Q

plagiarism and paraphrasing

A

all info should be paraphrased from sources with appropriate in-text citations (no quotes)
paraphrasing should be your own words, relevant to the ideas that you are talking about

35
Q

validity

A

how well does the data represent the way things actually are?

36
Q

construct validity

A

how well a construct is operationalized- does the operational and conceptual definition match? (e.g. mental health and mental health tally)

37
Q

measurement reliability

A

measure results are consistent and can be trusted

38
Q

3 types of measurement reliability

A
  1. test-retest reliability
  2. interrater reliability
  3. internal reliability
39
Q

test-retest reliability (measurement reliability)

A

consistent scores every time the measure is used

40
Q

interrater reliability (measurement reliability)

A

consistent scores no matter who administers the measure

41
Q

internal reliability (measurement reliability)

A

researcher asks the same question multiple times in different ways- a consistent pattern of responses indicates that the participant is listening/paying attention

42
Q

measurement validity

A

the measure accurately describes the variable

43
Q

3 types of measurement validity

A
  1. criterion validity
  2. convergent validity
  3. discriminant validity
44
Q

criterion validity (measurement validity)

A

relevance, is the measure related to a concrete outcome that it should be related to?

45
Q

convergent validity (measurement validity)

A

a measure should correlate strongly with other measures of the same variable (e.g. comparing tests of stress and anxiety)

46
Q

discriminant validity (measurement validity)

A

a measure should NOT correlate strongly with measures of different variables (e.g. diagnostic measures, ADHD diagnostic test compared to autism test)

47
Q

external validity

A

generalizability, how well the results of a study represent the population

48
Q

statistical validity

A

the extent to which the author’s interpretations of the data are reasonable and accurate

49
Q

internal validity

A

the accuracy of the relationship between variables

Psych Research Methods (3 decks)

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