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Parasitology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Parasite

A

An organism that lives IN or ON another living organism (host) obtaining from it part or all of its nutrients or needs of existence, and imposing a net detrimental effect on the host

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2
Q

Symbiosis

A

An intimate interactions between two different species

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3
Q

Symbiosis: Phoresy

A

No trophic interaction
(trophic - of or relating to feeding and nutrition)
- for the purpose of dispersal

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4
Q

Symbiosis: Commensalism

A

Indirect trophic interaction
(trophic - of or relating to feeding and nutrition)
- one benefits
- other doesn’t benefit nor harm

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5
Q

Symbiosis: Exploitation

A

Harm

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6
Q

Symbiosis: Mutualism

A

Benefit

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7
Q

Exploitation: Always kill host
Multiple Hosts is …

A

Predator

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8
Q

Exploitation: Always kill host
Single host is …

A

Parasitoid

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9
Q

Exploitation: Seldom kills host
Multiple hosts is …

A

Micropredator

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10
Q

Exploitation: Seldom kills host
Single host is …

A

Parasite

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11
Q

Parasitology’s 2 worldviews

A

Medicine + Eco/Evo

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12
Q

Infectious agent

A

Organsim or suborganismal entity capable of producing an infection or infectious disease

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13
Q

Infection

A

Entry, and then development and/or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body

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14
Q

Disease

A

Pathological condition of the body with symptoms that set it apart from normal body states. Alterations in cell, organ, organism… infectious disease implies transmission between individuals

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15
Q

Pathogen

A

An infectious agent capable of causing a disease state in another organsim (host)

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16
Q

Is a pathogen a parasite? (Microbio + infectious disease specialists)

A

no because pathogens are not eukaryotes. parasites ARE eukaryotes

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17
Q

Is a pathogen a parasite? (Eco + Evo)

A

Yes because it’s focused more on characteristics of the organism

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18
Q

Fitness

A

A measure of an individual’s success on passing on its genes to subsequent generations.

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19
Q

Virulence (EcoEvo)

A

A measure of a (parasitic) organism’s ability to reduce host fitness

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20
Q

Virulence (Medicine)

A

A measure of the likelihood that a (pathogenic) organism will cause severe disease or death in its host

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21
Q

Medical Parasitology parameters

A
  • Pathogenesis
  • Clinical manifestations
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
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22
Q

Parasites general characteristics

A
  • (tend to be) Smaller than the host
  • May or may not kill the host
  • May or may not be permanently parasitic
  • Will die of denied access to a suitable host
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23
Q

Endoparasites

A

Inside; Infections

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24
Q

Ectoparasites

A

Outside; Infestations

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25
Q

Castrators

A

Parasites that largely or completely prevent host reproduction
Ex: Barnacles occupy where female will keep eggs. Left infertile and protest barnacles instead

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26
Q

Body Snatchers

A

Parasites that invade a host and basically take over, substantially altering host behavior
Ex: Barnacle infects a male crab and will feminize it

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27
Q

Obligatory parasites

A

Require a host. Cannot develope withoust a host

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28
Q

Facultative parasites

A

Normally free-living, but can become parasites if they need to / have to
Ex: Snort a parasite and munches of brain

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29
Q

Opportunistic parasites

A

initiates infection in a host that normally would not be infected, or a parasite causing more disease burden than normal in its usual host
Ex: HIV+ person and tapeworm

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30
Q

Social parasites (brood)

A

Invade or lay eggs in the nest of another species, developing on food provided in that nest
Brood - birds that lay their eggs directly in another species’ nest

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31
Q

Parasitoids

A

Usually infest/infect a host for a prolonged period of time, often severely harming, if not killing it, but eventually abandon it for a period of free-living existence
Ex. Horsehair

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32
Q

Cleptoparasites

A

steal the food of another species

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33
Q

Definitve host

A

The host in which parasite sexual reproduction occurs

34
Q

Intermediate host

A

an organism in which a parasite passes one or more asexual stages

35
Q

Paratenic host

A

a “substitute” intermediate host that serves until the appropriate definitive host is reached, and in which no developemnt of the parasite occurs; it may or may not be necessary to the completion of the parasite’s life cycle

36
Q

Reservoir host

A

An animal (or species) that is infected by a parasite and which serves as a source of infection for humans or another species of interest; often implied that the host does not suffer much (or at least severe) pathology.

37
Q

Accidental host

A

a dead end for the parasite, developmentally speaking. Parasites cannot complete normal developmental steps inside the accidental host. The host may develop severe pathology from such infections

38
Q

Mechanical vectors

A

physically move a parasite
Ex. infection on the fly’s mouth and infects horse
“dirty syringe”

39
Q

Biological vectors

A

are hosts. parasite either develops or multiplies in them

40
Q

Cyclodevelopmental transmission

A
  • Development
  • NO increase in numbers
41
Q

Propagative transmission

A
  • NO development
  • replication
42
Q

Cyclopropagative transmission

A
  • Development
  • Replication
43
Q

Taxonomy

A

science of identification

44
Q

Phylogenetics

A
  • Study of the evolutionary relationships amongst organisms
  • morphological and molecular traits
45
Q

Systematics

A
  • Study of the diversification of life on earth
46
Q

Biological species

A
  • A group of individuals with similar properties, able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
  • don’t regularly interbreed with other species
47
Q

Evolutionary species

A
  • a group of organisms having a single lineage with the same evolutionary trajectory
  • breeding not required
48
Q

Trees

A

tracing evolutionary trajectories

49
Q

Taxon

A
  • ends
  • refers to members of a group of organisms given a formal scientific name
50
Q

Monophyletic taxon

A
  • includes all organisms from a single recent common ancestor
  • if taxa are correct, they should be monophyletic
51
Q

Paraphyletic taxon

A
  • includes some but not all descendants
  • sibling is excluded
52
Q

Polyphyletic taxon

A
  • does not include the most recent common ancestor of all organisms in the taxon
  • separated
53
Q

Cladograms

A
  • Branch lengths do not have specific meaning
54
Q

Phylograms

A
  • TIME
  • Branch lengths do have specific meaning
  • scale provided
55
Q

Morphological characters of parasites

A
  • size
  • shape
  • unicellular vs multicellular
  • organelle geometry and presence / absence of specialized organelles
56
Q

Body plan characteristics

A
  • The bigger the organism = the more meaningful the morph characters
  • difficult in unicellular parasites
57
Q

Molecular traits: DNA

A
  • 18s rRNA
  • homologous genes must exist in all of the organisms to be classfied
  • highly conserved
58
Q

Molecular characters issues

A
  • need to extract DNA so it requires many
  • easier for large multicellular
  • intracellular parasites: contamination from host cell
59
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A
  • transfer of genetic informaion laterally w/o sexual repro
  • prokaryotes
60
Q

Molecular Clock Hypothesis

A
  • DNA sequences change via mutation at a constant rate
  • # of changes used to calculate when they diverged
61
Q

DNA barcode

A
  • a gene (sequence) that can serve as a species specific marker
  • mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase
62
Q

What are the morphological characters for grouping protozoan parasites

A
  • unusual organelles
63
Q

Hydrogenosome

A
  • generates ATP from pyruvate with H+ as a byproduct
  • has evolved from mitochondria
64
Q

Mitosome

A
  • double membrane structure derived from mitochondria
  • lacking DNA
65
Q

Kinetoplastid

A
  • circular kDNA encodes mitochondrial gene products in an encrypted form
  • with RNA editing via guide RNA to produce unencrypted sequence
66
Q

Glycosome

A
  • glycolysis enzymes are kept in their own organelle in kinetoplastids instead of being cytoplasmic
67
Q

Apicoplast

A
  • non-photosynthetic chloroplast like structure
68
Q

Rhodophytes

A
  • infects more distantly related species of red algae (always red algae)
  • Infects closely related free-living relative
    -exclusively parasitize other red algae
  • cause cell-cell fusions, and inject organelles into host, which divide and spread to take over host
69
Q

Parasitic plants: Facultative

A

Can live as autotrophs

70
Q

Parasitic plants: Obligatory

A

Require a suitable host to complete lifecycle

71
Q

Parasitic plants: Hemiparasites

A

still capable of photosynthesis

72
Q

Parasitic plants: Holoparasites

A

incapable of photosynthesis

73
Q

Parasitic plants

A
  • plants parasitize other plants
  • lots of HGT
  • some have restricted host range
  • some infect a wide variety of other plant species
74
Q

Microsporidians (shoot!)

A
  • fungi
  • opportunistic parasites
75
Q

Head lice and body lice

A
  • considered sub-species
76
Q

Heirloom parasite

A
  • acquired from ancestors
  • evolve along organisms
77
Q

Souvenir parasite

A
  • acquired from a host switch
78
Q

What does a parasite need to thrive ina new environment?

A

A suitable host

79
Q

Parasitism is a hard trait to lose

A
  • Adoption of a parasitic lifestyle happens frequently on the tree of life
  • reversion to a free-living lifestyle by a parasite has been found to happen but very infrequently
80
Q

Strain

A
  • intraspecific group of parasites that differs from others in one or more traits

Parasitology (3 decks)

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