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exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

todays older adults vs past adults

A

todays adults are healthier and better educated, and are expected to have a higher quality of life

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2
Q

what is the john hartford foundation

A

major contributor to the specialty of gerontological nursing. They gave us alot of the basis

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3
Q

what has research allowed for improvements in

A

dementia care
safety and restraint use
pain management
end of life care

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4
Q

what does acute care focus on

A

promotion of health and maximal independence.

They are patient centered and have interdisciplinary teams, and a home-like atmosphere

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5
Q

factors that could change a cultures definition of old

A

functional
social
biological
chronological (age number)

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6
Q

super centenarians

A

People who live to 110 and older
typically woman, Japanese

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7
Q

centenarians

A

Age 100-109

primarily woman in southern states

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8
Q

those in between (generational subgroups)

A

those born between 1920 and 1945

ages 79-104

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9
Q

baby boomers

A

born between 1946 and 1964

ages 60-78
born 18 years after WWII

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10
Q

what do we want with healthy aging

A

Want them to reach their optimal level of health- its defined differently for each individual

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11
Q

culture

A

the shared and learned values, beliefs, expectations, and behaviors of a group of people

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12
Q

what is diversity based off

A

religion, race, language

there is 7 ethnoracial groups in the US

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13
Q

Disparity

A

differences in health outcomes between groups

-same disease but different outcome

ex- African americans are twice more likely to die from diabetes then whites

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14
Q

inequity

A

the excess burden of illness or the difference between an expected incidence and prevalence

  • not due to a group but more so lack of resources
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15
Q

where is disparity and inequity typically seen

A

older adults of minority ethic or racial groups

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16
Q

3 types of health belief models

A

Western (Biomedical)
personalistic (magicoreligious)
naturalistic (holistic)

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17
Q

western belief model

A

disease is caused by invasion of pathogen and treatment focuses on destruction of this said pathogen

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18
Q

personalistic belief model

A

belief in a supernatural entity causing illness
rituals are performed to over come it, could be like praying

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19
Q

naturalistic belief method

A

based on concept of balance
disturbance of balance=illness
restore balance for treatment.

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20
Q

biological aging

A

Attempting to explain changes in organisms. As you use things it wears out.
increased rate of cellular deterioration and vulnerability to disease

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21
Q

Free radicals aging

A

things that are bad for you tear your body down and damage cells

due to ROS (reactive oxygen species)

can be prevented by healthy living

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22
Q

what increases ROS

A

Pollution
cigarette smoke

inflammation

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23
Q

inflamm-aging

A

suggest aging is a result of accumulation of damage to the immune system, or immunosenescence

the higher the immune system the better. encourage vaccines

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24
Q

key factor in aging process

A

chronic state of inflammation and increased number of ROS

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25
Mitochondrial dysfunction
free radicals and ROS damage cause mutation of mitochondria, associated with neurodegenerative disorders
26
epidermis and aging
blood vessels and bruising more visible fewer melanocytes lentigines appear (freckling) thins
27
dermis and aging
collagen synthesis decreases elastin fibers thicken, resulting in "sagging" appearance thins
28
hypodermis and aging
atrophy sensitivity to cold less oil secretion
29
changes in hair and nails
increased hair in ears, nose, eyebrows women get chin hair hair loss of pigmentation (greys) decreased hair on extremites nails become harder, thicker, brittle and dull vertical ridges and slow growth
30
musculoskeletal changes
ligaments, tendons, and joints become dry, hardened and less flexible. muscle mass decreases vertebral disk thin balance issues (inner ear changes)
31
cardiovascular changes w aging
left ventricle thickens decrease in coronary artery blood floe, stroke, volume and cardiac output blood vessel elasticity decreases veins become stretched and valves are less efficient, varicose veins and edema may occur
32
respiratory changes and aging
loss of recoil chest wall stiffens gas exchange less efficient cough effectiveness reduces cilia are less effective
33
renal changes with aging
kidney blood flow decreases size and function decreases elasticity of bladder decreases- could lead to urinary retention then uti increased susceptibility to fluid and electrolyte imbalance
34
endocrine changes and aging
most glands shrink increased insulin resistance
35
GI changes and aging
teeth loose enamel fewer taste buds- decreased appetite decreased salivary secretion slow emptying of stomach decreased gastric mobility decrease intrinsic factor peristalsis slows, constipation common. Eat high fiber meals!
36
what memory is effected first in aging
short term
37
eyes and vision changes w aging
near vision decreases less reactive to light (needs to be brighter) dry eyes increased risk for glaucoma decline in peripheral vision
38
what hearing loss is most common in aging
high frequency sounds
39
body temperature and aging
oral temp is lower (96 F) low grade fever could indicate significant illness
40
psychosocial aging theory first generation examples
role theory activity theory
41
psychosocial aging second generation theories
disengagement theory continuity theory age stratification theory social exchange theory modernization theory developmental theory gerotranscendence theory
42
role theory
We develop roles for ourself in life, our identity, If things change it could effect self esteem self identity is believed to be defined by ones role in society
43
active theory
Activity increases ability to stay healthy
44
disengagement theory
People often step back here and decide to let others take over a slow withdrawal from society to transfer powers
45
continuity theory
people develop and maintain a consistent pattern of behavior, like still wanting to play cards often
46
age stratification theory
believes in age categories of the older population. consideration of experiences similar to others in the cohort
47
social exchange theory
marginalizes those who struggle financially
48
modernization theory
value in older adults is lost when their skills are no longer considered useful, could be from technology, urbanization, etc
49
developmental theory
predetermined order of developmental stages, like eriksons
50
gerotranscendence
focuses on what they want out of life, withdrawal from society for self reflection this is a marker of successful aging
51
third generation theory
the life story. recalling their past, we encourage this
52
adult cognition
process of acquiring, storing, sharing and using info. the things we have done play into who we are now includes language, thought process, memory, execution of function, judgement, attention, perception
53
fluid intelligence
ability to logically think through a problem street smart
54
crystallized inteligence
long lasting and improves with age book smart
55
learning later in life
keep info relevant and simple must relate to what the older person already knows
56
program for all inclusive care for the elderly (PACE)
medicaid and medicare program. A community based care of individuals that meet nursing home requirements. It covers cost of primary care, hospitalization, ER visits, approved specialty visits, rehab, home care, meds and treatments, and recreational options.
57
requirements for nursing home
around the clock care that cant be provided else where
58
Assisted living facility
more independence than nursing home. they may need help with things like dressing, bathing, etc. often may move to a nursing home median stay is 22 months
59
adult day care
for adults who need safe setting in the day
60
sub acute care
more intense than nursing home, and short term pricy but cheaper then being in hospital goal is to discharge home or to a less intense setting
61
how is care paid for
medicaid medicare- most common out of pocket
62
most common reason for readmission of elderly
confusion with medications
63
late life income
social security- pay as you go system supplemental security income- stipends to low income people who are above age 65, or blind/deaf/disabled some people may also have pensions and private retirement investments
64
medicare
must be eligible for social security cost covered by employer and employee tax
65
medicare A
Enrolled automatically on 65th birthday covers acute care or short term rehab
66
medicare B
must apply within 6 months of 65TH birthday designed to cover outpatient and ambulatory services pt may be responsbile for deductible, copays
67
medicare C
offers medicare advantage plans like insurance extra premiums may be required
68
medicare D
Optional prescription coverage
69
supplemental insurance
medigap monthly premium paid covers all copays and deductibles
70
medicaid
for low income covers more services then medicare
71
tricare for life (TFL)
no premium medigap insurance provided by department of defense requires enrollment in medicare A and B, gov helps with extra assistance
72
Who can declare a person incapacitated
courts only
73
power of attorney (POA)
chosen by individual not court legal document designing another person the power to act
74
general POA
right to make financial decisions
75
durable POA
health care related decisions when a person is unable to decide for themself
76
health care proxy
a hierarchy of those who have authority to act on a person behalf when capacity is lost temporarily ot permanently first is guardian, then spouse, then majority of adult children, then parents, then adult siblings, then close friend, then social worker
77
guardian
a person appointed to be responsible for another person (by court). Doesn’t make all of decisions
78
conservator
a person specifically appointed to control, makes all the decisions
79
warfarin (coumadin)
check PT and INR INR 2-3 seconds is therapeutic range Anticoagulant, prevents blood clots Vitamin K messes this up limit salads, collard greens Vitamin K is reversal. Limit aspirin
80
Alteplase (activate, TPA)
thrombolytic agent. Check aPT, Therapeutic is 25-31 seconds Monitor platelet, Hgb, Hct Reversal- antihistamine, corticosteroids Given after a clot has occurred Do neuro checks
81
heparin
protamine sulfate is reversal. Treats or prevents clots (anticoagulant), Look for bleeding, bruising, unclear urine
82
Clopidogrel (Plavix)
anti-platelet. To prevent clots and stroke. Don’t take with aspirin. Use electric razors, soft toothbrush. Avoid alcohol

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