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gero > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

todays older adults vs past adults

A

todays adults are healthier and better educated, and are expected to have a higher quality of life

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2
Q

what is the john hartford foundation

A

major contributor to the specialty of gerontological nursing. They gave us alot of the basis

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3
Q

what has research allowed for improvements in

A

dementia care
safety and restraint use
pain management
end of life care

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4
Q

what does acute care focus on

A

promotion of health and maximal independence.

They are patient centered and have interdisciplinary teams, and a home-like atmosphere

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5
Q

factors that could change a cultures definition of old

A

functional
social
biological
chronological (age number)

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6
Q

super centenarians

A

People who live to 110 and older
typically woman, Japanese

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7
Q

centenarians

A

Age 100-109

primarily woman in southern states

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8
Q

those in between (generational subgroups)

A

those born between 1920 and 1945

ages 79-104

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9
Q

baby boomers

A

born between 1946 and 1964

ages 60-78
born 18 years after WWII

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10
Q

what do we want with healthy aging

A

Want them to reach their optimal level of health- its defined differently for each individual

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11
Q

culture

A

the shared and learned values, beliefs, expectations, and behaviors of a group of people

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12
Q

what is diversity based off

A

religion, race, language

there is 7 ethnoracial groups in the US

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13
Q

Disparity

A

differences in health outcomes between groups

-same disease but different outcome

ex- African americans are twice more likely to die from diabetes then whites

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14
Q

inequity

A

the excess burden of illness or the difference between an expected incidence and prevalence

  • not due to a group but more so lack of resources
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15
Q

where is disparity and inequity typically seen

A

older adults of minority ethic or racial groups

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16
Q

3 types of health belief models

A

Western (Biomedical)
personalistic (magicoreligious)
naturalistic (holistic)

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17
Q

western belief model

A

disease is caused by invasion of pathogen and treatment focuses on destruction of this said pathogen

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18
Q

personalistic belief model

A

belief in a supernatural entity causing illness
rituals are performed to over come it, could be like praying

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19
Q

naturalistic belief method

A

based on concept of balance
disturbance of balance=illness
restore balance for treatment.

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20
Q

biological aging

A

Attempting to explain changes in organisms. As you use things it wears out.
increased rate of cellular deterioration and vulnerability to disease

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21
Q

Free radicals aging

A

things that are bad for you tear your body down and damage cells

due to ROS (reactive oxygen species)

can be prevented by healthy living

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22
Q

what increases ROS

A

Pollution
cigarette smoke

inflammation

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23
Q

inflamm-aging

A

suggest aging is a result of accumulation of damage to the immune system, or immunosenescence

the higher the immune system the better. encourage vaccines

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24
Q

key factor in aging process

A

chronic state of inflammation and increased number of ROS

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25
Q

Mitochondrial dysfunction

A

free radicals and ROS damage cause mutation of mitochondria, associated with neurodegenerative disorders

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26
Q

epidermis and aging

A

blood vessels and bruising more visible
fewer melanocytes
lentigines appear (freckling)
thins

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27
Q

dermis and aging

A

collagen synthesis decreases
elastin fibers thicken, resulting in “sagging” appearance
thins

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28
Q

hypodermis and aging

A

atrophy

sensitivity to cold
less oil secretion

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29
Q

changes in hair and nails

A

increased hair in ears, nose, eyebrows
women get chin hair
hair loss of pigmentation (greys)
decreased hair on extremites

nails become harder, thicker, brittle and dull
vertical ridges and slow growth

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30
Q

musculoskeletal changes

A

ligaments, tendons, and joints become dry, hardened and less flexible.
muscle mass decreases
vertebral disk thin
balance issues (inner ear changes)

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31
Q

cardiovascular changes w aging

A

left ventricle thickens
decrease in coronary artery blood floe, stroke, volume and cardiac output

blood vessel elasticity decreases
veins become stretched and valves are less efficient, varicose veins and edema may occur

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32
Q

respiratory changes and aging

A

loss of recoil
chest wall stiffens
gas exchange less efficient
cough effectiveness reduces
cilia are less effective

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33
Q

renal changes with aging

A

kidney blood flow decreases
size and function decreases
elasticity of bladder decreases- could lead to urinary retention then uti
increased susceptibility to fluid and electrolyte imbalance

34
Q

endocrine changes and aging

A

most glands shrink

increased insulin resistance

35
Q

GI changes and aging

A

teeth loose enamel
fewer taste buds- decreased appetite
decreased salivary secretion
slow emptying of stomach
decreased gastric mobility
decrease intrinsic factor
peristalsis slows, constipation common.

Eat high fiber meals!

36
Q

what memory is effected first in aging

A

short term

37
Q

eyes and vision changes w aging

A

near vision decreases
less reactive to light (needs to be brighter)
dry eyes
increased risk for glaucoma
decline in peripheral vision

38
Q

what hearing loss is most common in aging

A

high frequency sounds

39
Q

body temperature and aging

A

oral temp is lower (96 F)
low grade fever could indicate significant illness

40
Q

psychosocial aging theory first generation examples

A

role theory
activity theory

41
Q

psychosocial aging second generation theories

A

disengagement theory
continuity theory
age stratification theory
social exchange theory
modernization theory
developmental theory
gerotranscendence theory

42
Q

role theory

A

We develop roles for ourself in life, our identity,
If things change it could effect self esteem

self identity is believed to be defined by ones role in society

43
Q

active theory

A

Activity increases ability to stay healthy

44
Q

disengagement theory

A

People often step back here and decide to let others take over

a slow withdrawal from society to transfer powers

45
Q

continuity theory

A

people develop and maintain a consistent pattern of behavior, like still wanting to play cards often

46
Q

age stratification theory

A

believes in age categories of the older population. consideration of experiences similar to others in the cohort

47
Q

social exchange theory

A

marginalizes those who struggle financially

48
Q

modernization theory

A

value in older adults is lost when their skills are no longer considered useful, could be from technology, urbanization, etc

49
Q

developmental theory

A

predetermined order of developmental stages, like eriksons

50
Q

gerotranscendence

A

focuses on what they want out of life, withdrawal from society for self reflection

this is a marker of successful aging

51
Q

third generation theory

A

the life story.
recalling their past, we encourage this

52
Q

adult cognition

A

process of acquiring, storing, sharing and using info.
the things we have done play into who we are now

includes language, thought process, memory, execution of function, judgement, attention, perception

53
Q

fluid intelligence

A

ability to logically think through a problem

street smart

54
Q

crystallized inteligence

A

long lasting and improves with age

book smart

55
Q

learning later in life

A

keep info relevant and simple
must relate to what the older person already knows

56
Q

program for all inclusive care for the elderly (PACE)

A

medicaid and medicare program. A community based care of individuals that meet nursing home requirements. It covers cost of primary care, hospitalization, ER visits, approved specialty visits, rehab, home care, meds and treatments, and recreational options.

57
Q

requirements for nursing home

A

around the clock care that cant be provided else where

58
Q

Assisted living facility

A

more independence than nursing home. they may need help with things like dressing, bathing, etc.
often may move to a nursing home
median stay is 22 months

59
Q

adult day care

A

for adults who need safe setting in the day

60
Q

sub acute care

A

more intense than nursing home, and short term
pricy but cheaper then being in hospital

goal is to discharge home or to a less intense setting

61
Q

how is care paid for

A

medicaid
medicare- most common
out of pocket

62
Q

most common reason for readmission of elderly

A

confusion with medications

63
Q

late life income

A

social security- pay as you go system

supplemental security income- stipends to low income people who are above age 65, or blind/deaf/disabled

some people may also have pensions and private retirement investments

64
Q

medicare

A

must be eligible for social security

cost covered by employer and employee tax

65
Q

medicare A

A

Enrolled automatically on 65th birthday

covers acute care or short term rehab

66
Q

medicare B

A

must apply within 6 months of 65TH birthday

designed to cover outpatient and ambulatory services

pt may be responsbile for deductible, copays

67
Q

medicare C

A

offers medicare advantage plans like insurance
extra premiums may be required

68
Q

medicare D

A

Optional prescription coverage

69
Q

supplemental insurance

A

medigap
monthly premium paid
covers all copays and deductibles

70
Q

medicaid

A

for low income
covers more services then medicare

71
Q

tricare for life (TFL)

A

no premium medigap insurance
provided by department of defense

requires enrollment in medicare A and B, gov helps with extra assistance

72
Q

Who can declare a person incapacitated

A

courts only

73
Q

power of attorney (POA)

A

chosen by individual not court

legal document designing another person the power to act

74
Q

general POA

A

right to make financial decisions

75
Q

durable POA

A

health care related decisions when a person is unable to decide for themself

76
Q

health care proxy

A

a hierarchy of those who have authority to act on a person behalf when capacity is lost temporarily ot permanently

first is guardian, then spouse, then majority of adult children, then parents, then adult siblings, then close friend, then social worker

77
Q

guardian

A

a person appointed to be responsible for another person (by court). Doesn’t make all of decisions

78
Q

conservator

A

a person specifically appointed to control, makes all the decisions

79
Q

warfarin (coumadin)

A

check PT and INR
INR 2-3 seconds is therapeutic range
Anticoagulant, prevents blood clots
Vitamin K messes this up limit salads, collard greens
Vitamin K is reversal.
Limit aspirin

80
Q

Alteplase (activate, TPA)

A

thrombolytic agent. Check aPT, Therapeutic is 25-31 seconds
Monitor platelet, Hgb, Hct
Reversal- antihistamine, corticosteroids
Given after a clot has occurred
Do neuro checks

81
Q

heparin

A

protamine sulfate is reversal. Treats or prevents clots (anticoagulant), Look for bleeding, bruising, unclear urine

82
Q

Clopidogrel (Plavix)

A

anti-platelet. To prevent clots and stroke. Don’t take with aspirin. Use electric razors, soft toothbrush. Avoid alcohol

gero (4 decks)

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