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A&P 1 Lecture > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

Chapters 1-3

1
Q

define anatomy

A

study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

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2
Q

define physiology

A

study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities

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3
Q

what is the study of large, visible structures?

A

gross/macroscopic anatomy

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4
Q

what is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another?

A

anatomy

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5
Q

what is the study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities?

A

physiology

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6
Q

define macroscopic anatomy

A

the study of large, visible structures

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7
Q

what is the principle of complementarity of structure and function?

A

anatomy and physiology are inseparable; function always reflects structure; what a structure can do depends on its specific form

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8
Q

anatomy and physiology are inseparable

A

principle of complementarity of structure and function

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9
Q

function always reflects structure

A

principle of complementarity of structure and function

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10
Q

what a structure can do depends on its specific form

A

principle of complementarity of structure and function

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11
Q

structural organization levels

A
  • chemical level
  • cellular level
  • tissue level
  • organ level
  • organ system level
  • organismal level
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12
Q

what is the chemical level?

A

atoms, molecules, and organelles

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13
Q

what is the cellular level?

A

single cells

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14
Q

what is the tissue level?

A

groups of similar cells

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15
Q

what is the organ level?

A

contains two or more types of tissues

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16
Q

what is the organ system level?

A

organs that work closely together

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17
Q

what is the organismal level?

A

all organ systems combined to make the whole organism

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18
Q

what level is made up of atoms, molecules, and organelles?

A

chemical level

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19
Q

what level is made up of single cells?

A

cellular level

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20
Q

what level is made up of groups of similar cells?

A

tissue level

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21
Q

what level is made up of two or more types of tissues?

A

organ level

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22
Q

what level is made up of organs that work closely together?

A

organ system level

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23
Q

what level is made up of all organ systems combined?

A

organismal level

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24
Q

abdominopelvic cavity is surrounded by the ____.

A

peritoneum

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25
Q

what is the peritoneum?

A

surrounds the abdominopelvic cavity

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26
Q

valence shell

A

outermost shell

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27
Q

outermost shell

A

valence shell

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28
Q

isotopes

A

structural variations of same element; same number of protons but different number of neutrons

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29
Q

____ has no neutrons in the nucleus.

A

hydrogen

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30
Q

____ already have a full 8 valence electrons.

A

noble gases

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31
Q

are ionic bonds or covalent bonds stronger?

A

covalent bonds

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32
Q

two types of covalent bonds

A

polar and nonpolar

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33
Q

____ bonds share electrons evenly.

A

nonpolar covalent

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34
Q

weakest bonds

A

hydrogen bonds

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35
Q

weakest to strongest bonds

A

hydrogen; ionic; covalent

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36
Q

strongest to weakest bonds

A

covalent; ionic; hydrogen

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37
Q

define gross anatomy

A

the study of large, visible structures

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38
Q

3 major subdivisions of anatomy

A
  • macroscopic anatomy
  • microscopic anatomy
  • developmental anatomy
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39
Q

____ looks at all structures in a particular area of the body

A

regional anatomy

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40
Q

regional anatomy

A

looks at all structures in a particular area of the body

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41
Q

____ looks at just one system

A

systemic anatomy

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42
Q

systemic anatomy

A

looks at just one system

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43
Q

____ looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin

A

surface anatomy

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44
Q

surface anatomy

A

looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin

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45
Q

____ deals with structures too small to be seen by the naked eye

A

microscopic anatomy

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46
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

deals with structures too small to be seen by the naked eye

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47
Q

microscopic study of cells

A

cytology

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48
Q

cytology

A

microscopic study of cells

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49
Q

subdivisions of macroscopic anatomy

A
  • regional
  • systemic
  • surface
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50
Q

microscopic study of tissues

A

histology

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51
Q

histology

A

microscopic study of tissues

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52
Q

subdivisions of microscopic anatomy

A
  • cytology
  • histology
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53
Q

____ studies anatomical and physiological development throughout life

A

developmental anatomy

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54
Q

developmental anatomy

A

studies anatomical and physiological development throughout life

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55
Q

subdivision of developmental anatomy

A

embryology

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56
Q

embryology

A

study of developments before birth

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57
Q

study of developments before birth

A

embryology

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58
Q

medical term for hear

A

auscultate

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59
Q

auscultate

A

hear

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60
Q

physiology at the cellular and molecular level looks at…

A

how the body’s abilities are dependent on chemical reactions in individual cells

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61
Q

to study physiology, one must understand ____ as well as ____

A

basic physical principles; basic chemical principles

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62
Q

examples of basic physical principles

A

electrical currents, pressure, and movement

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63
Q

structural organization from largest to smallest

A

organismal, organ system, organ, tissue, cellular, chemical

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64
Q

structural organization from smallest to largest

A

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

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65
Q

maintenance of life involves

A
  • maintaining boundaries
  • movement
  • responsiveness
  • digestion
  • metabolism
  • excretion
  • reproduction
  • growth
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66
Q

maintaining boundaries

A

separation between internal and external environments must exist; plasma membranes separate cells; skin separates organism from environment

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67
Q

____ system allows movement

A

skeletal

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68
Q

____ separate cells

A

plasma membranes

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69
Q

____ separates organism from environment

A

skin

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70
Q

movement at the cellular level

A

contractility

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71
Q

contractility

A

movement at the cellular level

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72
Q

movement of ____ via skeletal muscles

A

body parts

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73
Q

movement of body parts via ____

A

skeletal muscles

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74
Q

movement of ____ via cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

A

substances

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75
Q

movement of substances via ____ and ____

A

cardiac and smooth muscle

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76
Q

____ muscle moves blood

A

cardiac

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77
Q

____ muscle allows digestion and urination

A

smooth

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78
Q

movement

A

muscular system allows movement of
- body parts via skeletal muscles
- substances via cardiac muscle and smooth muscle
contractility refers to movement at the cellular level

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79
Q

responsiveness

A

ability to sense and respond to stimuli; withdrawal reflex prevents injury; control of breathing rate, which must change in response to different activities

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80
Q

____ prevents injury

A

withdrawal reflex

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81
Q

digestion

A

break down of ingested foodstuffs, followed by absorbtion of simple molecules into blood

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82
Q

mechanical digestion

A

chewing

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83
Q

chemical digestion

A

breakdown of macromolecules

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84
Q

4 macromolecules

A
  • proteins
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • nucleic acids
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85
Q

breakdown of molecules

A

catabolism

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86
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown of molecules

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87
Q

synthesis of molecules

A

anabolism

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88
Q

anabolism

A

synthesis of molecules

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89
Q

metabolism

A

all chemical reactions that occur in body cells; sum of catabolism and anabolism

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90
Q

excretion

A

removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion; urea from breakdown of proteins; carbon dioxide from metabolism; feces from digestion

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91
Q

breakdown of proteins results in
(excretion)

A

urea

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92
Q

urea is the result of

A

breakdown of proteins

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93
Q

metabolism results in
(excretion)

A

carbon dioxide

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94
Q

carbon dioxide is the result of
(excretion)

A

metabolism

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95
Q

digestion results in
(excretion)

A

feces

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96
Q

feces is the result of

A

digestion

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97
Q

growth

A

increase in size of a body part or of organism

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98
Q

reproduction

A

at the cellular level involves division of cells for growth and repair; at the organismal level is the production of offspring

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99
Q

humans are ____, so to function, individual cells must be kept alive

A

multicellular

100
Q

how many organ systems are in the body?

A

11

101
Q

forms the external body covering

A

integumentary system

102
Q

protects deeper tissues from injury

A

integumentary system

103
Q

synthesizes vitamin d

A

integumentary system

104
Q

houses cutaneous receptors

A

integumentary system

105
Q

houses sweat and oil glands

A

integumentary system

106
Q

hair, skin, nails

A

integumentary system

107
Q

integumentary system structure

A

hair, skin, nails

108
Q

integumentary system function

A

forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissues from injury; synthesizes vitamin d; houses cutaneous receptors and sweat and oil glands

109
Q

what happens when calcium levels get low?

A

makes bones weak and brittle

110
Q

forms blood cells

A

skeletal system

111
Q

protects and supports body organs

A

skeletal system

112
Q

provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement

A

skeletal system

113
Q

maintains blood calcium levels

A

skeletal system

114
Q

skeletal system structure

A

bones, joints

115
Q

bones, joints

A

skeletal system

116
Q

skeletal system function

A

protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; forms blood cells; stores minerals

117
Q

allows manipulation of the environment

A

muscular system

118
Q

allows locomotion

A

muscular system

119
Q

maintains posture

A

muscular system

120
Q

produces heat

A

muscular system

121
Q

skeletal muscles are part of

A

muscular system

122
Q

muscular system structure

A

skeletal muscles

123
Q

muscular system function

A

allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat

124
Q

allows facial expression

A

muscular system

125
Q

fast acting homeostasis maintenance

A

nervous system

126
Q

slow acting homeostasis maintenance

A

endocrine system

127
Q

homeostasis maintained by

A

nervous system and endocrine system

128
Q

responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

A

nervous system

129
Q

brain, spinal cord, nerves

A

nervous system

130
Q

fast acting control system of the body

A

nervous system

131
Q

nervous system structure

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves

132
Q

nervous system function

A

responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

133
Q

glands that secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells

A

endocrine system

134
Q

thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal gland, pituitary gland, ovary, testis

A

endocrine system

135
Q

endocrine system structure

A

thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal gland, pituitary gland, ovary, testis

136
Q

endocrine system function

A

glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells

137
Q

cardiovascular system being a closed system causes ____

A

blood pressure

138
Q

blood vessels, heart

A

cardiovascular system

139
Q

transports blood

A

cardiovascular system

140
Q

carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes

A

cardiovascular system

141
Q

cardiovascular system structure

A

blood vessels, heart

142
Q

cardiovascular system function

A

blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes; the heart pumps blood

143
Q

lymphocytes

A

white blood cells involved in immunity

144
Q

picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood

A

lymphatic system

145
Q

disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream

A

lymphatic system

146
Q

houses white blood cells involved in immunity

A

lymphatic system

147
Q

red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes

A

lymphatic system

148
Q

lymphatic system structure

A

red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes

149
Q

lymphatic system function

A

picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic system; houses white blood cells involved in immunity; the immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body

150
Q

balances pH

A

respiratory system and urinary system

151
Q

keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen

A

respiratory system

152
Q

removes carbon dioxide

A

respiratory system

153
Q

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung

A

respiratory system

154
Q

respiratory system structure

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung

155
Q

respiratory system function

A

keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; these exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs

156
Q

breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells

A

digestive system

157
Q

oral cavity, esophagus, large intestine, liver, stomach, small intestine, rectum, anus, gallbladder, pancreas

A

digestive system

158
Q

digestive system structure

A

oral cavity, esophagus, large intestine, liver, stomach, small intestine, rectum, anus, gallbladder, pancreas

159
Q

digestive system function

A

breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to the body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces

160
Q

eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body

A

urinary system

161
Q

regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood

A

urinary system

162
Q

kidneys drain into ____

A

ureters

163
Q

____ drain into ureters

A

kidneys

164
Q

kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

A

urinary system

165
Q

urinary system structure

A

kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

166
Q

urinary system function

A

eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood

167
Q

prostate, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens

A

male reproductive system

168
Q

male reproductive system structure

A

prostate, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens

169
Q

production of offspring

A

reproductive system

170
Q

reproductive system function

A

production of offspring

171
Q

mammary glands, uterus, vagina, ovary, uterine tube

A

female reproductive system

172
Q

female reproductive system structure

A

mammary glands, uterus, vagina, ovary, uterine tube

173
Q

somatic cells

A

body cells

174
Q

body cells

A

somatic cells

175
Q

gametes

A

sex cells

176
Q

sex cells

A

gametes

177
Q

rare disease that mimics aging

A

progeria

178
Q

progeria

A

rare disease that mimics aging

179
Q

progeria cause

A

defective progerin protein in the nuclear lamina that results in an unstable nucleus

180
Q

progeria appears by age

A

2

181
Q

progeria symptoms

A

slow growth, thinning hair, brittle bones, arthritis, severe cardiovascular disease, death usually by age 20

182
Q

progeria treatment

A

drug that stimulates autophagy

183
Q

genetic theory

A

cessation of mitosis and cell aging are programmed into genes

184
Q

cessation of mitosis and cell aging are programmed into genes

A

genetic theory

185
Q

telomeres

A

string of nucleotides that protect ends of chromosomes; shortens every time a cell divides

186
Q

may act like an hourglass on how many times a cell can divide

A

telomere

187
Q

strings of nucleotides that protect ends of chromosomes

A

telomeres

188
Q

enzyme that lengthens telomeres

A

telomerase

189
Q

found in germ cells of embryos but absent in adult cells, except for cancer cells

A

telomerase

190
Q

makes cancer cells immortal

A

telomerase

191
Q

telomerase

A

enzyme that lengthens telomeres; found in embryos; absent in adult cells except for cancer cells; makes cancer cells immortal

192
Q

theory: a lifetime of chemical insults and free radicals have cumulative effects

A

wear and tear theory

193
Q

wear and tear theory

A

a lifetime of chemical insults and free radicals have cumulative effects

194
Q

theory: free radicals in mitochondria diminish energy production

A

mitochondrial theory of aging

195
Q

mitochondrial theory of aging

A

free radicals in mitochondria diminish energy production

196
Q

theory: autoimmune responses, as well as progressive weakening of immune response

A

immune system disorders

197
Q

immune system disorders

A

autoimmune responses, as well as progressive weakening of immune response

198
Q

why is cell division important during development

A

growth

199
Q

why is cell division important in adults

A

replaces short-lived cells and repairs wounds

200
Q

accelerated growth that increases cell numbers when needed

A

hyperplasia

201
Q

hyperplasia

A

accelerated growth that increases cell numbers when needed

202
Q

decrease in size that results from loss of stimulation or use

A

atrophy

203
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in size that results from loss of stimulation or use

204
Q

cell differentiation

A

development of specific and distinctive features in cells

205
Q

development of specific and distinctive features in cells

A

cell differentiation

206
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death; causes certain cells to neatly self destruct; begins with mitochondrial membranes leaking chemicals that activate enzymes called capases; capases causes degradation of DNA and cytoskeleton, which leads to cell death; dead cell shrinks and is phagocytized by macrophages

207
Q

programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

208
Q

causes certain cells to neatly self -destruct

A

apoptosis

209
Q

process begins with mitochondrial membranes leaking chemicals that activate enzymes called caspases

A

apoptosis

210
Q

enzyme used in apoptosis

A

caspases

211
Q

caspases

A

causes cell degradation of DNA and cytoskeleton, which leads to cell death

212
Q

dead cell shrinks and is phagocytized by macrophages

A

apoptosis

213
Q

in apoptosis, dead cell shrinks and is phagocytized by ____

A

macrophages

214
Q

in apoptosis, dead cell shrinks and is ____ by macrophages

A

phagocytized

215
Q

unneeded, misfolded, or damaged proteins can be marked for destruction by protein called

A

ubiquitin

216
Q

ubiquitin

A

marks unneeded, misfolded, or damaged proteins for destruction

217
Q

disassemble ubiquitin tagged proteins, recycling the amino acids and ubiquitin

A

proteasomes

218
Q

proteasomes

A

disassemble ubiquitin tagged proteins, recycling the amino acids and ubiquitin

219
Q

why is autophagy necessary

A

cells that have become obsolete or damaged need to be taken out of system

220
Q

the process of disposing of nonfunctional organelles and sweeping up cytoplasmic bits, which can then be degraded by lysosomes

A

autophagy

221
Q

autophagy

A

the process of disposing of nonfunctional organelles and sweeping up cytoplasmic bits by forming autophagosomes, which can then be degraded by lysosomes

222
Q

DNA codes for other types of RNA like

A

miRNA; siRNA; riboswitches

223
Q

small RNAs that can bind to and silence mRNAs made by certain exons

A

micro RNA (miRNA)

224
Q

miRNA

A

micro RNA

225
Q

micro RNA

A

small RNAs that can bind to and silence mRNAs made by certain exons

226
Q

folded RNAs that act as switches that can turn protein synthesis on or off in response to certain environmental conditions

A

riboswitches

227
Q

riboswitches

A

folded RNAs that act as switches that can turn protein synthesis on or off in response to certain environmental conditions

228
Q

similar to miRNA, but can also be made to silence mRNA from pathogenic sources such as viruses

A

small interfering RNAs (siRNA)

229
Q

siRNA

A

small interfering RNAs

230
Q

small interfering RNAs

A

similar to miRNA, but can also be made to silence mRNA from pathogenic sources such as viruses

231
Q

directs transfer of genetic information in DNA into amino acid sequence of protein

A

complimentary base pairing

232
Q

complimentary base pairing

A

directs transfer of genetic information in DNA into amino acid sequence of protein

233
Q

DNA triplets are coded to

A

mRNA codons

234
Q

____ are coded to mRNA codons

A

DNA triplets

235
Q

mRNA codons are base-paired with

A

tRNA anticodons

236
Q

____ are base-paired with tRNA anticodons

A

mRNA codons

237
Q

to ensure correct amino acid sequence, ____ are based paired with ____

A

mRNA codons; tRNA anticodons

238
Q

mRNA codons are base-paired with tRNA anticodons to

A

ensure correct amino acid sequence

239
Q

difference between anticodon sequence of tRNA and DNA sequence

A

uracil is substituted for thymine

240
Q

a pH 5 solution is ____ more ____ than a pH 6 solution

A

10x; acidic

241
Q

neutralization reaction forms

A

water and a salt

242
Q

buffers

A

resist abrupt and large swings in pH; can release hydrogen ions if pH rises; can bind hydrogen ions if pH falls

243
Q

carbohydrates include

A

sugar and starches

244
Q

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

A

carbohydrates

245
Q

carbohydrates contain elements

A

C, H, O

246
Q

9 types of sugars

A

ribose; deoxyribose; glucose; sucrose, maltose, lactose, fructose, starch, glycogen

247
Q

4 types of lipids

A

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids

A&P 1 Lecture (2 decks)

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