Exam 1 Flashcards
Chapters 1-3 (247 cards)
1
Q
define anatomy
A
study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another
2
Q
define physiology
A
study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities
3
Q
what is the study of large, visible structures?
A
gross/macroscopic anatomy
4
Q
what is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another?
A
anatomy
5
Q
what is the study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities?
A
physiology
6
Q
define macroscopic anatomy
A
the study of large, visible structures
7
Q
what is the principle of complementarity of structure and function?
A
anatomy and physiology are inseparable; function always reflects structure; what a structure can do depends on its specific form
8
Q
anatomy and physiology are inseparable
A
principle of complementarity of structure and function
9
Q
function always reflects structure
A
principle of complementarity of structure and function
10
Q
what a structure can do depends on its specific form
A
principle of complementarity of structure and function
11
Q
structural organization levels
A
- chemical level
- cellular level
- tissue level
- organ level
- organ system level
- organismal level
12
Q
what is the chemical level?
A
atoms, molecules, and organelles
13
Q
what is the cellular level?
A
single cells
14
Q
what is the tissue level?
A
groups of similar cells
15
Q
what is the organ level?
A
contains two or more types of tissues
16
Q
what is the organ system level?
A
organs that work closely together
17
Q
what is the organismal level?
A
all organ systems combined to make the whole organism
18
Q
what level is made up of atoms, molecules, and organelles?
A
chemical level
19
Q
what level is made up of single cells?
A
cellular level
20
Q
what level is made up of groups of similar cells?
A
tissue level
21
Q
what level is made up of two or more types of tissues?
A
organ level
22
Q
what level is made up of organs that work closely together?
A
organ system level
23
Q
what level is made up of all organ systems combined?
A
organismal level
24
Q
abdominopelvic cavity is surrounded by the ____.
A
peritoneum
25
what is the peritoneum?
surrounds the abdominopelvic cavity
26
valence shell
outermost shell
27
outermost shell
valence shell
28
isotopes
structural variations of same element; same number of protons but different number of neutrons
29
____ has no neutrons in the nucleus.
hydrogen
30
____ already have a full 8 valence electrons.
noble gases
31
are ionic bonds or covalent bonds stronger?
covalent bonds
32
two types of covalent bonds
polar and nonpolar
33
____ bonds share electrons evenly.
nonpolar covalent
34
weakest bonds
hydrogen bonds
35
weakest to strongest bonds
hydrogen; ionic; covalent
36
strongest to weakest bonds
covalent; ionic; hydrogen
37
define gross anatomy
the study of large, visible structures
38
3 major subdivisions of anatomy
- macroscopic anatomy
- microscopic anatomy
- developmental anatomy
39
____ looks at all structures in a particular area of the body
regional anatomy
40
regional anatomy
looks at all structures in a particular area of the body
41
____ looks at just one system
systemic anatomy
42
systemic anatomy
looks at just one system
43
____ looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin
surface anatomy
44
surface anatomy
looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin
45
____ deals with structures too small to be seen by the naked eye
microscopic anatomy
46
microscopic anatomy
deals with structures too small to be seen by the naked eye
47
microscopic study of cells
cytology
48
cytology
microscopic study of cells
49
subdivisions of macroscopic anatomy
- regional
- systemic
- surface
50
microscopic study of tissues
histology
51
histology
microscopic study of tissues
52
subdivisions of microscopic anatomy
- cytology
- histology
53
____ studies anatomical and physiological development throughout life
developmental anatomy
54
developmental anatomy
studies anatomical and physiological development throughout life
55
subdivision of developmental anatomy
embryology
56
embryology
study of developments before birth
57
study of developments before birth
embryology
58
medical term for hear
auscultate
59
auscultate
hear
60
physiology at the cellular and molecular level looks at...
how the body's abilities are dependent on chemical reactions in individual cells
61
to study physiology, one must understand ____ as well as ____
basic physical principles; basic chemical principles
62
examples of basic physical principles
electrical currents, pressure, and movement
63
structural organization from largest to smallest
organismal, organ system, organ, tissue, cellular, chemical
64
structural organization from smallest to largest
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
65
maintenance of life involves
- maintaining boundaries
- movement
- responsiveness
- digestion
- metabolism
- excretion
- reproduction
- growth
66
maintaining boundaries
separation between internal and external environments must exist; plasma membranes separate cells; skin separates organism from environment
67
____ system allows movement
skeletal
68
____ separate cells
plasma membranes
69
____ separates organism from environment
skin
70
movement at the cellular level
contractility
71
contractility
movement at the cellular level
72
movement of ____ via skeletal muscles
body parts
73
movement of body parts via ____
skeletal muscles
74
movement of ____ via cardiac muscle and smooth muscle
substances
75
movement of substances via ____ and ____
cardiac and smooth muscle
76
____ muscle moves blood
cardiac
77
____ muscle allows digestion and urination
smooth
78
movement
muscular system allows movement of
- body parts via skeletal muscles
- substances via cardiac muscle and smooth muscle
contractility refers to movement at the cellular level
79
responsiveness
ability to sense and respond to stimuli; withdrawal reflex prevents injury; control of breathing rate, which must change in response to different activities
80
____ prevents injury
withdrawal reflex
81
digestion
break down of ingested foodstuffs, followed by absorbtion of simple molecules into blood
82
mechanical digestion
chewing
83
chemical digestion
breakdown of macromolecules
84
4 macromolecules
- proteins
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- nucleic acids
85
breakdown of molecules
catabolism
86
catabolism
breakdown of molecules
87
synthesis of molecules
anabolism
88
anabolism
synthesis of molecules
89
metabolism
all chemical reactions that occur in body cells; sum of catabolism and anabolism
90
excretion
removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion; urea from breakdown of proteins; carbon dioxide from metabolism; feces from digestion
91
breakdown of proteins results in
(excretion)
urea
92
urea is the result of
breakdown of proteins
93
metabolism results in
(excretion)
carbon dioxide
94
carbon dioxide is the result of
(excretion)
metabolism
95
digestion results in
(excretion)
feces
96
feces is the result of
digestion
97
growth
increase in size of a body part or of organism
98
reproduction
at the cellular level involves division of cells for growth and repair; at the organismal level is the production of offspring
99
humans are ____, so to function, individual cells must be kept alive
multicellular
100
how many organ systems are in the body?
11
101
forms the external body covering
integumentary system
102
protects deeper tissues from injury
integumentary system
103
synthesizes vitamin d
integumentary system
104
houses cutaneous receptors
integumentary system
105
houses sweat and oil glands
integumentary system
106
hair, skin, nails
integumentary system
107
integumentary system structure
hair, skin, nails
108
integumentary system function
forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissues from injury; synthesizes vitamin d; houses cutaneous receptors and sweat and oil glands
109
what happens when calcium levels get low?
makes bones weak and brittle
110
forms blood cells
skeletal system
111
protects and supports body organs
skeletal system
112
provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement
skeletal system
113
maintains blood calcium levels
skeletal system
114
skeletal system structure
bones, joints
115
bones, joints
skeletal system
116
skeletal system function
protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; forms blood cells; stores minerals
117
allows manipulation of the environment
muscular system
118
allows locomotion
muscular system
119
maintains posture
muscular system
120
produces heat
muscular system
121
skeletal muscles are part of
muscular system
122
muscular system structure
skeletal muscles
123
muscular system function
allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat
124
allows facial expression
muscular system
125
fast acting homeostasis maintenance
nervous system
126
slow acting homeostasis maintenance
endocrine system
127
homeostasis maintained by
nervous system and endocrine system
128
responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
nervous system
129
brain, spinal cord, nerves
nervous system
130
fast acting control system of the body
nervous system
131
nervous system structure
brain, spinal cord, nerves
132
nervous system function
responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
133
glands that secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells
endocrine system
134
thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal gland, pituitary gland, ovary, testis
endocrine system
135
endocrine system structure
thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal gland, pituitary gland, ovary, testis
136
endocrine system function
glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells
137
cardiovascular system being a closed system causes ____
blood pressure
138
blood vessels, heart
cardiovascular system
139
transports blood
cardiovascular system
140
carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes
cardiovascular system
141
cardiovascular system structure
blood vessels, heart
142
cardiovascular system function
blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes; the heart pumps blood
143
lymphocytes
white blood cells involved in immunity
144
picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
lymphatic system
145
disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
lymphatic system
146
houses white blood cells involved in immunity
lymphatic system
147
red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes
lymphatic system
148
lymphatic system structure
red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes
149
lymphatic system function
picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic system; houses white blood cells involved in immunity; the immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body
150
balances pH
respiratory system and urinary system
151
keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen
respiratory system
152
removes carbon dioxide
respiratory system
153
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung
respiratory system
154
respiratory system structure
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung
155
respiratory system function
keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; these exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
156
breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
digestive system
157
oral cavity, esophagus, large intestine, liver, stomach, small intestine, rectum, anus, gallbladder, pancreas
digestive system
158
digestive system structure
oral cavity, esophagus, large intestine, liver, stomach, small intestine, rectum, anus, gallbladder, pancreas
159
digestive system function
breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to the body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces
160
eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
urinary system
161
regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood
urinary system
162
kidneys drain into ____
ureters
163
____ drain into ureters
kidneys
164
kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
urinary system
165
urinary system structure
kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
166
urinary system function
eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood
167
prostate, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens
male reproductive system
168
male reproductive system structure
prostate, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens
169
production of offspring
reproductive system
170
reproductive system function
production of offspring
171
mammary glands, uterus, vagina, ovary, uterine tube
female reproductive system
172
female reproductive system structure
mammary glands, uterus, vagina, ovary, uterine tube
173
somatic cells
body cells
174
body cells
somatic cells
175
gametes
sex cells
176
sex cells
gametes
177
rare disease that mimics aging
progeria
178
progeria
rare disease that mimics aging
179
progeria cause
defective progerin protein in the nuclear lamina that results in an unstable nucleus
180
progeria appears by age
2
181
progeria symptoms
slow growth, thinning hair, brittle bones, arthritis, severe cardiovascular disease, death usually by age 20
182
progeria treatment
drug that stimulates autophagy
183
genetic theory
cessation of mitosis and cell aging are programmed into genes
184
cessation of mitosis and cell aging are programmed into genes
genetic theory
185
telomeres
string of nucleotides that protect ends of chromosomes; shortens every time a cell divides
186
may act like an hourglass on how many times a cell can divide
telomere
187
strings of nucleotides that protect ends of chromosomes
telomeres
188
enzyme that lengthens telomeres
telomerase
189
found in germ cells of embryos but absent in adult cells, except for cancer cells
telomerase
190
makes cancer cells immortal
telomerase
191
telomerase
enzyme that lengthens telomeres; found in embryos; absent in adult cells except for cancer cells; makes cancer cells immortal
192
theory: a lifetime of chemical insults and free radicals have cumulative effects
wear and tear theory
193
wear and tear theory
a lifetime of chemical insults and free radicals have cumulative effects
194
theory: free radicals in mitochondria diminish energy production
mitochondrial theory of aging
195
mitochondrial theory of aging
free radicals in mitochondria diminish energy production
196
theory: autoimmune responses, as well as progressive weakening of immune response
immune system disorders
197
immune system disorders
autoimmune responses, as well as progressive weakening of immune response
198
why is cell division important during development
growth
199
why is cell division important in adults
replaces short-lived cells and repairs wounds
200
accelerated growth that increases cell numbers when needed
hyperplasia
201
hyperplasia
accelerated growth that increases cell numbers when needed
202
decrease in size that results from loss of stimulation or use
atrophy
203
atrophy
decrease in size that results from loss of stimulation or use
204
cell differentiation
development of specific and distinctive features in cells
205
development of specific and distinctive features in cells
cell differentiation
206
apoptosis
programmed cell death; causes certain cells to neatly self destruct; begins with mitochondrial membranes leaking chemicals that activate enzymes called capases; capases causes degradation of DNA and cytoskeleton, which leads to cell death; dead cell shrinks and is phagocytized by macrophages
207
programmed cell death
apoptosis
208
causes certain cells to neatly self -destruct
apoptosis
209
process begins with mitochondrial membranes leaking chemicals that activate enzymes called caspases
apoptosis
210
enzyme used in apoptosis
caspases
211
caspases
causes cell degradation of DNA and cytoskeleton, which leads to cell death
212
dead cell shrinks and is phagocytized by macrophages
apoptosis
213
in apoptosis, dead cell shrinks and is phagocytized by ____
macrophages
214
in apoptosis, dead cell shrinks and is ____ by macrophages
phagocytized
215
unneeded, misfolded, or damaged proteins can be marked for destruction by protein called
ubiquitin
216
ubiquitin
marks unneeded, misfolded, or damaged proteins for destruction
217
disassemble ubiquitin tagged proteins, recycling the amino acids and ubiquitin
proteasomes
218
proteasomes
disassemble ubiquitin tagged proteins, recycling the amino acids and ubiquitin
219
why is autophagy necessary
cells that have become obsolete or damaged need to be taken out of system
220
the process of disposing of nonfunctional organelles and sweeping up cytoplasmic bits, which can then be degraded by lysosomes
autophagy
221
autophagy
the process of disposing of nonfunctional organelles and sweeping up cytoplasmic bits by forming autophagosomes, which can then be degraded by lysosomes
222
DNA codes for other types of RNA like
miRNA; siRNA; riboswitches
223
small RNAs that can bind to and silence mRNAs made by certain exons
micro RNA (miRNA)
224
miRNA
micro RNA
225
micro RNA
small RNAs that can bind to and silence mRNAs made by certain exons
226
folded RNAs that act as switches that can turn protein synthesis on or off in response to certain environmental conditions
riboswitches
227
riboswitches
folded RNAs that act as switches that can turn protein synthesis on or off in response to certain environmental conditions
228
similar to miRNA, but can also be made to silence mRNA from pathogenic sources such as viruses
small interfering RNAs (siRNA)
229
siRNA
small interfering RNAs
230
small interfering RNAs
similar to miRNA, but can also be made to silence mRNA from pathogenic sources such as viruses
231
directs transfer of genetic information in DNA into amino acid sequence of protein
complimentary base pairing
232
complimentary base pairing
directs transfer of genetic information in DNA into amino acid sequence of protein
233
DNA triplets are coded to
mRNA codons
234
____ are coded to mRNA codons
DNA triplets
235
mRNA codons are base-paired with
tRNA anticodons
236
____ are base-paired with tRNA anticodons
mRNA codons
237
to ensure correct amino acid sequence, ____ are based paired with ____
mRNA codons; tRNA anticodons
238
mRNA codons are base-paired with tRNA anticodons to
ensure correct amino acid sequence
239
difference between anticodon sequence of tRNA and DNA sequence
uracil is substituted for thymine
240
a pH 5 solution is ____ more ____ than a pH 6 solution
10x; acidic
241
neutralization reaction forms
water and a salt
242
buffers
resist abrupt and large swings in pH; can release hydrogen ions if pH rises; can bind hydrogen ions if pH falls
243
carbohydrates include
sugar and starches
244
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
carbohydrates
245
carbohydrates contain elements
C, H, O
246
9 types of sugars
ribose; deoxyribose; glucose; sucrose, maltose, lactose, fructose, starch, glycogen
247
4 types of lipids
triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids
