Exam 1 Flashcards
What is phonetics?
the study of the speech sounds of a language
Articulatory phonetics
physiological phonetics, how speech sounds are made
perceptual/auditory phonetics
how speech sounds are precieved by a listener
acoustic phonetics
the physics of speech sounds
applied/clinical phonetics
dialects and accents, disorders
phon
sound, voice, speech
what is a phone?
a speech sound that is not speech specific
grapheme
a letter or letter combo that represents 1 speech sounds (phoneme)
allograph
different letters or letter combos that make the same sound
whO bOO cUE
ghoti
fish
benefits of IPA
allows us to have a 1 to 1 system for representing symbol to sound
is IPA universal?
YES same symbols used to represent all of the worlds languages
phoneme
a speech sound that is meaningful in a language
capable of differentiating morphemes
caT vs. caB
morpheme
smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning
free morpheme
can stand alone and meaning is understood
ex- book
bound morpheme
cannot stand alone
ex-bookS
minimal pairs
pair of words that differ by one phoneme, not letter specific
kiss and miss
slap and slat
passed and last
allophone
variant production of a phoneme, multiple ways to pronounce a speech sounds
*not capable of creating new word..same meaning no matter how it is pronounced
Pot vs. stoP or sPot
allophones with complementary distribution
cannot exchange
ex-pit vs spit
allophones with free variation
can be pronounced other ways
“keep”
Keep it up!
The money is yours to keep
broad transcription
slash marks
no attempt to capture allophones
narrow transcription
brackets
uses brackets and diacritic marking to capture allophonic differences
citation form level
transcribing single words in isolation
connected speech
transcribing words at an utterance level surrounded by other words
3 majors systems
respiratory, laryngeal, supralaryngeal
parts of the respiratory system
lungs, trachea, rib cage, chest cavity, diaphragm, abdomen
egressive speech
produced with outward flow of air from lungs
ingressive speech
inward flow of air from lungs
phonation
the vibration of the vocal folds in creation of a voiced sound
Glottal pulse
each cycle of vf vibration, number of times it happens per second
males Fo
125 cycles per second avg
females fo
250
baby cry fo
500
3 major air cavities of supralaryngeal system
nasal, oral, pharyngeal
articulators
lips, teeth, tongue, alveolar ridge, palate, velum, glottis
articulation
modification of the airstream by the speech organ in production of spoken language
maxilla
upper jaw, supports upper lip
mandible
lower jaw, supports lower lip
labiodental
bottom lip and upper teeth
“f”
interdental
tongue to back of upper teeth
“think” “this”
apex
tip of tongue
velum
soft palate
velopharyngeal closure
constriction formed by velum and the rear wall of pharynx resulting in diversion or airflow into the oral cavity
VP closed
oral airflow
VP open
oral and nasal airflow
vowels
phonemes that are produced without and constriction or blockage or airflow in VT
ALWAYS VOICED
4 dimensions of vowels
height
advancement
lip rounding
tension
height
high mid low
advancement
front center back
lip rounding
rounded, retracted
tension
tense, lax
point vowels
"cardinal vowels" extreme vowels (4 corners)
i, u, ae, a
monophthong
a vowel phoneme consisting of one distinct articulatory element
diphthong
a single phoneme consisting of 2 vowel elements
cow, bite, boy
onglide
first element of a diphthong
offglide
second element of a diphthong
rhotics
r colored vowels
when “r’ follows a vowel it affects it
“colors” “distorts”
