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CLPS 0200 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Descirbe Software vs. Hardware

A

Hardware = the brain
- Physical qualities such as neurons and their connections

Software = functionality/the mind
- Deals with cognition information does the brain process

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2
Q

What 2 key ideas were the center of the cog revolution?

A
  • The science of psychology can not study the mental world directly
  • The science of psychology must study the mental world if we are going to understand behavior
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3
Q

What was introspection?
cons?

A
  • A domain that believed only way to study thoughts is through introspection - or looking within
  • Introspection is the study of conscious experiences, therefore it can not tell us about unconscious events
  • Some processes such as unconscious recollection for facts such as one’s middle name - take place outside of awareness
  • Claims can not be tested
  • Everyone’s description of an experience is filtered through their own subjective experience
  • Introspection does not provide concrete data on which one can rely on
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4
Q

What is behaviourism?

A
  • Study of how behaviour changes in response to different stimuli
  • In its early days, behaviorist theory sought to avoid mentalistic terms (terms that referred to representations or processes inside the mind).
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5
Q

Downsides of behaviourism

A
  • No intermediate steps between stimulus and response
  • Cognition = black box
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6
Q

Describe transcendentalism

A
  • using observable facts to study the unobservable
  • using behaviour to study mental processes
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7
Q

Tolman’s findings?

A

Learning is aquired

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8
Q

Describe gestalt phsycology

A
  • When human mind forms a percept – the whole has a reality of its own
  • the mind transforms input
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9
Q

what are the 5 gestalt principles?

A

1) Proximity
2) Similarity
3) Continuity (smoothest path)
4) Pragnaz (reduced to simplest form)
5) Closure

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10
Q

What does gestalt phsycology tell us?

A
  • One’s mindset influences the way things are percieved
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11
Q

What is the turing test and machine?

A

The turing machine is a symbol processor – given input, it generates an output.
- that makes it behaviorist stimulus - response system

BUT it is not a black box
- it has a set of rules that we can analyze and understand

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12
Q

what does the turing machine help us understand about the mind?

A

If we understand the rules implemented by the minds program, we’ll understand how the mind works

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13
Q

Describe functionalism

A
  • Cognition is more than manipulating symbols
  • We need to charahcterize the purpose of each symbol
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14
Q

What are the two classes of function?

A

1) Storage
2) Operations

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15
Q

Describe the storage function

A
  • Involved in the systems maintain information
  • Concerned with the format of the information in the storage system
  • Related to how long information is retained in the storage system adn under what circumstances
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16
Q

Describe the operations and algorithms functionality

A
  • Involved in the step by step processes that describes what happens to information
  • Each step of an algorithm is decomposed into it’s component algorithms
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17
Q

Describe cognition according to Neisser

A

The processes by which sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used.

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18
Q

Describe the pathway through which visual information is stored

A

visual stimuli
1) occipital lobe
2) posterior parietal lobe (where)
3) inferotemporal cortex (what)

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19
Q

Describe how the visual pathways cross

A
  • Visual information from the left visual field goes to the right hemisphere & vise versa
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20
Q

what are the results of the span of apprehension test?

A
  • You can only report about 4 items from breifly presented displays no matter how many are presented
  • Span of apprehension does not get bigger if the stimulus presented is longer
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21
Q

What “seemingly” conclusions are drawn from the span of apprehension and display size task?

A
  • It seems that all the letters are visible
    BUT
  • There isnt enough time to identify the, all before the information disappears
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22
Q

what is involved in identifying a letter?

A

visual stimuli presented
1) Occipital lobe = identifies visual features
2) Inferotemporal cortex = organizes into wholes
3) Wernickes area - assigns label

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23
Q

How long does the visual information/activation of the occipital lobe last in order for letter identification to occur? cued vs. uncued

A
  • it is a very brief iconic store

experiment
cued = can report accuratley
noncued = inaccurate reports

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24
Q

what are the charachteristics of spatial and tructural coding of information

A
  • spatial and strucutral coding of information
  • pre-categorical (no coding meaning of stimuli)
  • parallel entry into storahe
  • forgetting due to decay
  • can be erased by subsequent visual input
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25
Q

describe visual masking
what might it allow us to do?

A

eradicates the neural representation of what came before it
- allows us to control the exact amount of processing time that one may have to identify a visual stimulus

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26
Q

decribe the word superiority effect

A

when participants were presented with a string of words and then a mask shortly after, some stimuli were easier to report than others

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27
Q

what kind of stimuli were easiest to report? out of words, single letters, and non word groupings

A

words would be easier to percieve

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28
Q

why are words easier to perceive?

A
  • they can be identified as meaningful wholes
  • we typically process letters in the context of words
  • they contain predictabilities
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29
Q

are words the only easy letter strings?

A

english
- the higher the approximation to English
- the better people are at reporting the letters from a breif presentation

pronounciation
- more pronounceable
- better reported

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30
Q

what does word superiority indicate?

A

top-down processing
- previous experience drives expectations for particular letter sequences

expectations
- when a stimulus meets certain expectations, you can recognize it faster and more accuratley

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31
Q

What does the RBC Model propose?

A
  • different arrangements of the same components produce different objects
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32
Q

What did the RBC test results indicate?

A

Response time and percent error decreased as the number of components on an object increased

  • the visual sensory/iconic store is brief but permits recognition of well-learned visual input by the identification of their basic components
  • rapid visual identification results from a combination of bottom up and top down processes
33
Q

What are the characteristics of sound?

A

amplitude
- peak of displacement (intensity)

period
- amount of time to complete 1 vibratory cycle (peak to peak)

frequency
- cycles/second (psychological correlate is pitch)

34
Q

what is a forced vibration?

A

application of force continuously keeps sound going
- speech is forced vibration

35
Q

Define fundamental frequency

A

Natural frequency of vibrating system no matter how much force is applied

36
Q

Describe the two sound processing systems

A

simple - fundamental freqeuncy only
complex - fundamental + harmonics

37
Q

what is fourier analysis?

A

a mathmatical technique for deriving the frequencies and amplitudes of the component frequencies from a complex wave form

38
Q

Define the aspects of speech production

A

1) vocal tract - forced vibrating system
2) resonant frequency - akin to fundamental frequency

39
Q

How are frequencies changed?

A

they are changed by modifying
- the frequency of the vocal chords
- the shape of the vocal tract

40
Q

What are phonemes?

A
  • The shortest speech segment that can cause a change in meaning if replaced by another segment
  • (bad vs. dad)
41
Q

How are speech signals analysed?

A

Speech spectogram

42
Q

What are present in idealized spectograms?

A
  • Each phenome has a charachteristic formant pattern
  • Precise frequency levels depend on surrounfinf vowels
43
Q

What are the 3 features of speech?

A
  • Formant patterns aka bars of high energy
  • VOT, voice onset time
  • Perception is categorical (somewhere along the VOT continum people suddenly switch form hearing ba to pa)
44
Q

what occurred during the echoic memory experiment?
what did the results indicate?

A

Experiment
- Information played over 3 input channels
- Cued to report one of the channels

Results
- Partial report average
- Duration is about 4 seconds
- Advantage not as large as in iconic memory

45
Q

What is Metaphor #1 for attention?

A

The spotlight metaphor
- We process what we shine a spot light on
- Spotlight can be narrow or wide (deep vs. shallow processing)

46
Q

What is the bottleneck problem?

A
  • How do we select what is important?
  • How do we knoe to shine the spotlight on something, if we dont know what we are shining it on?
47
Q

Describe Dichotic Listening Tasks

A

Starts with Shadowing
- Participants listen to headphones
- Two messages: one on each ear
- Told to repear what they hear in one ear
- Ignore what is presented in the other ear
- Relativley easy task

The Trick: Now tell me about the unattended message

48
Q

What was lost in the bottleneck during the dichotic listening task? (what could thye not percieve)

A
  • People cannot report the content of sentences from unattended channel
  • People cannot tell if messgae is coherent or random words
  • People cannot tell if messgae is in Englihs or a foreign language
49
Q

What are some critiques of the shadowing task?

A
  • inexperienced
  • forgetting
  • subconscious processing
50
Q

What could the listeners perceive in the dichotic listening task?

A
  • If the unattended message is speech, or music, or silence
  • Can tell make vs. female/ high vs. low
  • Can notice that the message in the attended channel switches ears
51
Q

What were the 2 conclusions of the dischotic listening test results?

A

1) Physical properties of message are processed early - get through this bottleneck
2) Semantic properties processed late - they don’t get though the bottleneck

52
Q

What are the 4 theories on selective information processing?

A

1) Broadbent’s Filter Theory
2) Moray Cocktail Phenomenon
3) Late Selection Theory
4) Attenuation Thoery

53
Q

Describe the Filter Theory

A
  • We have a set of sensory channels and attention filters what channels go into short term memory/higher processing

sensory buffer -> filtering -> short term memory

54
Q

Describe the Cocktail party phenomenon

A
  • Some words/phrases “catch” your attention based on their salience
  • More is accounted for than just the physical properties of stimuli - some semantic information is processed
55
Q

Describe late selection theory

A

All sensory channels are processed, but only one goes towards awarenes, salience of message can shift selection

56
Q

Describe Attenuation Theory
- Thoughts

A

Thoughts
- There are a set of leaky filters called attenuators
- Attenuators let some stuff in can not fully block things out
- Most of what get through to memory is from the attended channel

57
Q

Describe Attenuation Theory
- Dictionary Units
- What are threshold levels based on?

A

Dictionary Units
- Dictionary Units are semantic processors for information
- When a unit exceeds threshold level, it will also get through to memory, and you can report it

Threshold levels are based on important semantic information (like your name)

58
Q

Define Inattentional Blindness
What is it caused by?

A
  • A pattern in which perceivers seem literally not to see stimuli right in front of their eyes
  • Caused by the participants focusing their attention on some other stimulus and not expecting the target to appear.
59
Q

Describe Information Saleience

A
  • The visual system is analyzing all presented infromation
  • Attention can promote the processing of an important stimulus
  • Attention can also cause poor processing of things not considered important
60
Q

Describe change blindness
what does it reveal?

A
  • Perceivers either do not see or take a long time to see large-scale changes in a visual stimulus.
  • Reveals how little people perceive, even from stimuli in plain view, if they are not specifically attending to the target information.
61
Q

What does innatentional blindness say about how we detect information?
cost of attention?

A

We are not passive detectors of inforamtion
- We activley engage in mental processes that allocate resources based on our knowledge

  • When attention is focussed, the attention dedicated to the rest of the world is altered
62
Q

What was Posner’s Experiment Hypothesis?

A

1) Knowledge of the location of a signal can affect the effciency of processing signals that arise from that location

2) Visual attention is not coupled to the saccadic eye movement system not the fovea vs. the periphery

63
Q

Describe the Cued vs. Uncued location phenomenon

A

We can look at a fixation point while allocating attention without moving eyes

  • Selective attention does not require eye movement, it requires allocation of attentional resources to places that are important or expected
64
Q

What are the two key issues with the spotlight metaphor?

A

Filter/attenuator theory suggests there is a price of attention
- Limited resoures in attention
- Not everything gets in

65
Q

What is the visual search task?

A

task in which research participants are asked to search for a specific target within a field of other stimuli

66
Q

What does the visual search task reveal?

A

Attention is picking out the synthesis of the features of an object, then combining them together
- A spotlight on the individual features doesn’t focus on their intergration into a whole

67
Q

What factors influence the visual search task?

A
  • Orientation
  • Shape
  • Color
  • Set Size
68
Q

Describe popout vs.conjunctive search

A
  • Popout is a parallel search = fast and independent of number of distractors
  • Conjunctive Search = serial, slow and dependent on the number of distractos
69
Q

What did Anne Treisman’s experiment on illusory conjunction reveal?

A
  • When participants were told to rememebr the color of letters from a mix of letters and numbers
  • Participants could not remeber the color of letters accuratley
  • 100msc is not enough time to intergrate two visual features togehter “could not be glued together quickly”
70
Q

How does our experience influence what we attend to?

A

Illusory Conjucntion
- we naturally use out experience to aggregate things into units

Vodka example
- We naturally group words into syllables
- Inner auditory representation requires additional time to intergrate a unit with a visual feature

71
Q

What does the resource model of attention argue?

A
  • Attention has a capacity limit
  • When we push those resources, errors occur
  • But activities that require attention can become more and more automatic with practice
72
Q

What did the controlled vs. automatic processes experiment prove?

A

Certain events in perception are automatic
- More experience/practice -> automatic processes

73
Q

what does the magic number 7 indicate?

A

Reporting the number of dots on a display without counting leads to a big discontinuity at 7
- 7 numbers could be held in short term memory

74
Q

what is were the results of the free recall tasks?

A

standard
- primacy and recency effect shown
- first words got most rehearsal - last words are fresh in the mind

interrupted
- primacy in tact
- recency eliminated

conclusions
short term memory transfers to long term memory

75
Q

when memory is pre-loaded

A

the longer it took to do a reasoning task
- the more stuff in WM, the harder it is to do many tasks

76
Q

articulatory loop

A
  • rate of presentation in serial position curve
  • word length effect
  • speech areas light up
77
Q

visuo spatial sketch pad

A

responsible for maintaining visual images

78
Q
A

CLPS 0200 (2 decks)

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