Exam 1

Question 1

What is maturation?

Answer 1

Maturation refers to the process of an individual growing biologically, socially, and emotionally over time, changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level of function.

Question 2

What is development?

Answer 2

Development refers to those changes in performance that are heavily influenced by the processes of maturing.

Question 3

What is qualitative?

Answer 3

Individuals are distinct and may differ from one another based on some quality or characteristic rather than on some quantity or developmental milestones. Often present behavior as developing in sequential stages.

Question 4

What is quantitative?

Answer 4

Sees development as primarily the acquisition of a number of skills; therefore the appearance of an ability or lack of is related merely to the presence or absence of a sufficient number of prerequisite exposures or skills.

Question 5

What is Maslow’s Theory?

Answer 5

Maslow’s theory is organismic and is summarized by the concept of a hierarchy of needs, represented by a pyramid.

Question 6

How does Maslow’s Theory relate to practice?

Answer 6

More basic needs have to be met before progressive towards self-actualization.

Question 7

What is self-actualization?

Answer 7

The need to become all that one can be.

Question 8

What is the order of Maslow’s Hierarchy?

Answer 8

Self-actualization
Self-esteem
Love and Belonging
Safety and Security
Physiological

Question 9

What was Kohlberg’s interests?

Answer 9

Development of higher-level behaviors of morality and social consciousness.

Question 10

What are the 3 levels or moral thinking?

Answer 10

1. Preconventional
2. Conventional
3. Postconventional/Autonomous

Question 11

What are Freud’s stages of development?

Answer 11

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

Question 12

When is the oral stage of development according to Freud?

Answer 12

0-18 months (infancy)

Question 13

When is the anal stage of development according to Freud?

Answer 13

18 months-3 years (toddler)

Question 14

When is the phallic stage of development according the Freud?

Answer 14

3-6 years (preschool)

Question 15

What is Erikon’s stage of development during infancy?

Answer 15

Trust vs. mistrust

Question 16

What is the adverse reaction from trust vs mistrust?

Answer 16

Fearful towards others

Question 17

What is Erikson’s stage of development during preschool?

Answer 17

Initiative vs guilt

Question 18

What is the adverse reaction from autonomy vs shame & doubt?

Answer 18

Insecurity, dependency

Question 19

What is the adverse reaction from initiative vs guilt?

Answer 19

Belief that thoughts and actions are wrong, inferior, or bad.

Question 20

What is Erikson’s stage of development during toddler-hood?

Answer 20

Autonomy vs shame & doubt

Question 21

What are Piaget’s stages of development?

Answer 21

1. sensorimotor intelligence
2. preoperational thinking
3. concrete operational thinking
4. formal operational thinking

Question 22

What is Piaget’s stage of development during preschool?

Answer 22

Preoperational (2-7 years)
Language and imagination

Question 23

What is Piaget’s stage of development during infancy?

Answer 23

Sensorimotor (birth-2 years)
Development of cognition

Question 24

How did Pavlov believe behaviors are shaped in individuals?

Answer 24

Pavlov believed in behaviorism, where a previously neutral stimulus can elicit a conditioned response.

Question 25

How did BF Skinner believe behaviors are shaped in individuals?

Answer 25

BF Skinner believed in operant conditioning, he added the concept of reinforcement

Question 26

How did Bandura believe behaviors are shaped in individuals?

Answer 26

Bandura believed in modeling, where a child would not need punished to be conditioned if they witness someone else's reinforced behavior. They could learn by watching others.

Question 27

What is culture?

Answer 27

Culture is the sum of experiences, values, beliefs, ideals, judgments, and attitudes that shape and give continuous form to each individual.

Question 28

What are the three periods of antenatal development?

Answer 28

Zygote, embryo, and fetus

Question 29

What is a zygote?

Answer 29

When the sperm and ovum fuse to make a single cell.

Question 30

What is an embryo?

Answer 30

After the zygot is implanted in the uterine lining.

Question 31

What is a fetus?

Answer 31

From 9th week until birth.

Question 32

What are the typical milestones during first year of life and when do they appear?

Answer 32

Rolling (4-6 months), sitting (7-8 months), crawling (7 months), creeping (9-10 months), standing, walking (12 months).

Question 33

What is a crawl?

Answer 33

On the belly, army crawl

Question 34

What is a creep?

Answer 34

All fours, creepy puppy

Question 35

What are the three things needed for the development of fine motor control?

Answer 35

1. The capacity for motor control of the fingers 2. Somatosensory feedback to the motor system 3. Translation of somatosensory information onto a motor planning guiding appropriate hand configurations

Question 36

What are the 7 grasp patterns?

Answer 36

Spherical, cylindrical, hook, lateral prehension, tripod pinch, lateral/key pinch, and pincer.

Question 37

What are primary circular reactions?

Answer 37

Primary circular reactions – repeating an action because interests infant, pleasurable to infant.

Question 38

What is required for school readiness?

Answer 38

Mostly independent in ADLs Open to learning Able to communicate with peers and adults Using Materials

Question 39

How do toddlers and preschoolers develop IADL skills, what are examples of appropriate participation in these tasks?

Answer 39

Early on imitate behaviors Participation in simple household chores  Setting the table  Picking up toys  Washing vegetables  Folding washcloths Pretend play—vacuuming, cooking, mowing lawn, etc.

Question 40

What is the fine motor development sequence?

Answer 40

Ulnar grasp Palmar grasp Radial-palmar grasp Radial digital grasp 3 jaw chuck (tripod) Pincer grasp

Question 41

What is attunement play?

Answer 41

Social exchange that establishes a connection, such as between newborn and mother.

Question 42

What is symbolic play?

Answer 42

Anything that is expressive such as painting, drawing, music, and crafts.