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Occupational Development > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is maturation?

A

Maturation refers to the process of an individual growing biologically, socially, and emotionally over time, changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level of function.

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2
Q

What is development?

A

Development refers to those changes in performance that are heavily influenced by the processes of maturing.

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3
Q

What is qualitative?

A

Individuals are distinct and may differ from one another based on some quality or characteristic rather than on some quantity or developmental milestones. Often present behavior as developing in sequential stages.

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4
Q

What is quantitative?

A

Sees development as primarily the acquisition of a number of skills; therefore the appearance of an ability or lack of is related merely to the presence or absence of a sufficient number of prerequisite exposures or skills.

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5
Q

What is Maslow’s Theory?

A

Maslow’s theory is organismic and is summarized by the concept of a hierarchy of needs, represented by a pyramid.

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6
Q

How does Maslow’s Theory relate to practice?

A

More basic needs have to be met before progressive towards self-actualization.

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7
Q

What is self-actualization?

A

The need to become all that one can be.

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8
Q

What is the order of Maslow’s Hierarchy?

A

Self-actualization
Self-esteem
Love and Belonging
Safety and Security
Physiological

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9
Q

What was Kohlberg’s interests?

A

Development of higher-level behaviors of morality and social consciousness.

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10
Q

What are the 3 levels or moral thinking?

A
  1. Preconventional
  2. Conventional
  3. Postconventional/Autonomous
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11
Q

What are Freud’s stages of development?

A

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

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12
Q

When is the oral stage of development according to Freud?

A

0-18 months (infancy)

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13
Q

When is the anal stage of development according to Freud?

A

18 months-3 years (toddler)

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14
Q

When is the phallic stage of development according the Freud?

A

3-6 years (preschool)

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15
Q

What is Erikon’s stage of development during infancy?

A

Trust vs. mistrust

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16
Q

What is the adverse reaction from trust vs mistrust?

A

Fearful towards others

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17
Q

What is Erikson’s stage of development during preschool?

A

Initiative vs guilt

18
Q

What is the adverse reaction from autonomy vs shame & doubt?

A

Insecurity, dependency

19
Q

What is the adverse reaction from initiative vs guilt?

A

Belief that thoughts and actions are wrong, inferior, or bad.

20
Q

What is Erikson’s stage of development during toddler-hood?

A

Autonomy vs shame & doubt

21
Q

What are Piaget’s stages of development?

A
  1. sensorimotor intelligence
  2. preoperational thinking
  3. concrete operational thinking
  4. formal operational thinking
22
Q

What is Piaget’s stage of development during preschool?

A

Preoperational (2-7 years)
Language and imagination

23
Q

What is Piaget’s stage of development during infancy?

A

Sensorimotor (birth-2 years)
Development of cognition

24
Q

How did Pavlov believe behaviors are shaped in individuals?

A

Pavlov believed in behaviorism, where a previously neutral stimulus can elicit a conditioned response.

25
Q

How did BF Skinner believe behaviors are shaped in individuals?

A

BF Skinner believed in operant conditioning, he added the concept of reinforcement

26
Q

How did Bandura believe behaviors are shaped in individuals?

A

Bandura believed in modeling, where a child would not need punished to be conditioned if they witness someone else’s reinforced behavior. They could learn by watching others.

27
Q

What is culture?

A

Culture is the sum of experiences, values, beliefs, ideals, judgments, and attitudes that shape and give continuous form to each individual.

28
Q

What are the three periods of antenatal development?

A

Zygote, embryo, and fetus

29
Q

What is a zygote?

A

When the sperm and ovum fuse to make a single cell.

30
Q

What is an embryo?

A

After the zygot is implanted in the uterine lining.

31
Q

What is a fetus?

A

From 9th week until birth.

32
Q

What are the typical milestones during first year of life and when do they appear?

A

Rolling (4-6 months), sitting (7-8 months), crawling (7 months), creeping (9-10 months), standing, walking (12 months).

33
Q

What is a crawl?

A

On the belly, army crawl

34
Q

What is a creep?

A

All fours, creepy puppy

35
Q

What are the three things needed for the development of fine motor control?

A
  1. The capacity for motor control of the fingers
  2. Somatosensory feedback to the motor system
  3. Translation of somatosensory information onto a motor planning guiding appropriate hand configurations
36
Q

What are the 7 grasp patterns?

A

Spherical, cylindrical, hook, lateral prehension, tripod pinch, lateral/key pinch, and pincer.

37
Q

What are primary circular reactions?

A

Primary circular reactions – repeating an action because interests infant, pleasurable to infant.

38
Q

What is required for school readiness?

A

Mostly independent in ADLs
Open to learning
Able to communicate with peers and adults
Using Materials

39
Q

How do toddlers and preschoolers develop IADL skills, what are examples of appropriate
participation in these tasks?

A

Early on imitate behaviors
Participation in simple household
chores
 Setting the table
 Picking up toys
 Washing vegetables
 Folding washcloths
Pretend play—vacuuming,
cooking, mowing lawn, etc.

40
Q

What is the fine motor development sequence?

A

Ulnar grasp
Palmar grasp
Radial-palmar grasp
Radial digital grasp
3 jaw chuck (tripod)
Pincer grasp

41
Q

What is attunement play?

A

Social exchange that establishes a connection, such as between newborn and mother.

42
Q

What is symbolic play?

A

Anything that is expressive such as painting, drawing, music, and crafts.

Occupational Development (7 decks)

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