Exam 1 Flashcards
Anarchy
no higher authority (you are sovereign)
Bounded rationality
we cannot make rational choices due to our limited mental capacity so we create very simple decision rules to allow us to make hard decisions in life
Marxists believe that
Class Conflict, Base/Superstructure, Non-neutrality of the state
Class Conflict
Bourgeoisie and Proletariat
Bourgeoisie
The rich. Own land and or have a lot of money. The government is not neutral. It represents the powerful (Bourgeoisie) and nobody else.
Proletariat
Workers. Sell labor to the bourgeoisie.
-You work for the bourgeoisie, but they make all the money. Uneven distribution of benefits.
Marxist on Religion
They believe religion was created to keep the workers working. You don’t worry about your economic sufferings so that you don’t rise up.
Base/Superstructure
-The economy is the base in every society. Superstructure: The economy determines everything (religion, government, education, ect.)
Non-neutrality of the state
-The government is not neutral. It represents the powerful (Bourgeoisie) and nobody else.
-Economic power determines political power. Bourgeoisie is always the winner, and the government will follow the policies that advance their interest.
Marxist Major thinkers
Marx, Lenin, Wallerstein
Weaknesses of Marxist Theory
Communist/ Socialist Behavior:
Behavior did not change. Socialist states went to war with each other.
Contradictory explanations: How is war good for the bourgeoisie, not always consistent with beliefs.
Offensive/ defensive advantage
The idea that the area it is either easier to attack someone or it is easier to defend an area
offensive
-Chain gang and passed bucks
States form tight alliances in order to protect themselves
Problem: when one war starts it becomes a large war because the alliances are tight. Ex: NATO
Chain gang and passed bucks
States form tight alliances in order to protect themselves
Cognition
the process by which we acquire knowledge
cognitive Dissonance
humans cannot stand inconsistencies. So if our actions are inconsistent with our beliefs then it will drive us insane. To fix it you do not change your behaviors, instead you change your beliefs.
Complex interdependence
Roots in liberalism
The relationships of two states and an IGO
But there are multiple overlapping relationships.
Ex of Complex Interdependence
Ex:
State 1- realism- State 2
A- state 1 can bypass gov interact directly with society 2
(ex spread of democracy)
B- IOS bypass gov and interact directly with society 2
C- Society 1 bypass own gov and seek aid from an IGO
Ex: citizens of states in europe can bypass them and go directly to EU
D- IO’s to states
Ex: IF makes loans to states to carry out economic development projects
E- Society 1- E- Society 2 (transnational movements)
F- State 2- IO states can go directly to a IO
Ex: Ukraine and nato
Liberals say
realism is limited
Meaning of interdependence
Sensitivity- how quickly you feel the effects of an event that happened around the world
Vulnerability- how great is that affect upon you
Political
-Transnational organizations
Ex: environmental groups, terrorists, etc.
Why do these IGO, NGO, MNCS, factors engage in IR?
Interest: Want to promote and protect their interest.
Ex: security or medical purposes or rights
Prosperity: Want to make more money and improve.
Prestige: Look and be more powerful and important in the international world.
Ex: North Korea, Iram, ect.
Higher Callings: Promote higher things and advocating for things
Ex: Human rights, democracy, ect.
How do these groups achieve these goals? (IGOS< NGOs, MNCS)
-Diplomacy: Direct official communications between representatives of international actors
-Has to be official approved communication and usually is to solve some sort of crisis
Examples of Diplomacy
Ex: Bargaining, negotiations, threats or promises or statements of resolve
Resolve is all about being credible.
Examples of specific kinds of diplomacy
Ex: Henry Kissinger (worked for Nixon) Shuttle Diplomacy (Israles and Arabs) He played messenger between Saudi Arabia to Israel to Syria since they would not meet.
Nixon focused on Soviet Relations and used Linkage Politics. Nixon linked two separate issues together (an area where he is weak together with an area he was strong) and he would negotiate them together.