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SOC > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 factors contributing to the emergence of sociological theory?

A

Economic: industrial revolution
Political: French revolution
Intellectual: search for humanism & science over church

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2
Q

Comte’s Law of three stages

A

There are 3 stages of human mental development:
-theological stage (fictitious or supernatural)
-metaphysical stage (abstract or speculation)
-positivistic stage (scientific or empirical)

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3
Q

Comte’s hierarchy of the sciences

A

Math, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, sociology (MAPCBS)

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4
Q

Comte’s social statics and dynamics

A

statics (order)
dynamics (change)

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5
Q

Comte’s body social

A

society is a biological organism held together by adaptation and growth

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6
Q

Comte’s theories (4)

A

law of 3 stages, hierarchy of the sciences, social statics and dynamics, and body social

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7
Q

What type of sociologist is Comte?

A

Functionalist

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8
Q

Spencer’s organismic analogy

A

Society goes through stages of growth, differentiation (division of labor), integration (labor depends on one another), and adaptation just like an organism

the body has different parts that work together just as an organism.

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9
Q

Spencer’s theory of super-organic dynamics

A

Super-organisms can grow and develop. An increase in size means an increase in complexity. Parts of the whole are inter-dependent, and a change in one affects other parts

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10
Q

Spencer’s stages of societal evolution

A

-Simple, without a head. no real government
-simple with a head, formal government
-compound
-double compound
-trebly compound
goes from simple to complex

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11
Q

According to spencer, what are the 3 basic functional subsystems of a super-organic system?

A

-Operative/sustaining system: groups that produce goods (family/economic)
-Regulatory system: groups that maintain political order (gov’t, military)
-Distributive system: Linking the system with transportation (roads, railway, communication)

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12
Q

What kind of sociologist is Spencer?

A

Structural functionalist

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13
Q

Spencer’s theories

A

super-organic body, stages of societal evolution

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14
Q

3 intellectuals that inspired Marx

A

Hegel- German Idealism
Saint Simon- French socialism
British political economy- adam smith

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15
Q

Marx’s historical materialism

A

When primary needs are met, secondary needs come up. Materialism views production and reproduction as fundamental for social change

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16
Q

Marx’s dialectic materialism

A

competing material interests create tension toward some form of revolution, which creates social change

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17
Q

Marx’s labor theory of value and surplus value

A

Surplus of profit only comes from the exploitation of labor

18
Q

Marx’s theory of alienation

A

workers create products, but they don’t know where they go. This makes them alienated from the means of production. Alienation is dehumanization

19
Q

Marx’s theory of false consciousness

A

working class people don’t see capitalists as their enemy. they are influenced by the bourgeoisie, which prevents them from seeing the true nature of their exploitation

20
Q

What kind of sociologist is Marx?

A

A conflict theorist

21
Q

Marx’s theories

A

Historical and dialectic materialism, surplus value, alienation, false consciousness

22
Q

Idealism vs materialism

A

Comte viewed evolution of mankind as the evolution of ideas, whereas marx viewed it as the evolution of material advance in the mode of production

23
Q

Functionalism vs conflict theory

A

Spencer: value-consensus and conflict is a pathological state
Marx: power-coercion and conflict is ubiquitous and a driving force of social change

24
Q

Weber’s theory of verstehen

A

an approach used to determine subjective meanings people attach to their actions as these meanings are related to intentions, values, and beliefs that underlie behavior.

25
Q

Weber’s theory of ideal type

A

allows sociologists to ignore minor differences to accentuate major similarities

26
Q

Weber’s 3 types of authority/domination

A

traditional: based on popular belief of age-old rules
charismatic: belief in a person w/extraordinary character
Rational-legal: belief in state’s constitution and laws

27
Q

Weber’s theory of rationalization/bureaucracy. Pros/Cons?

A

B came into being as a result of rationalization. It serves to make enterprises become operational.

B is superior, but it leads to depersonalization. It is a system of an iron cage.

28
Q

Weber’s characteristics of Bureaucracy

A

division of labor, hierarchy of authority, special skills and knowledge required, career advancement, loyalty to org rather than individual.

29
Q

Weber’s protestant ethic

A

Protestantism and Capitalism appeared at the same time. Protestant values of hard work, sobriety, and restraint led to capitalism.

30
Q

Weber vs marx

A

Marx believed in a single dimensional view of stratification. Weber believed that class was not the only source of conflict in society.

31
Q

What kind of sociologist is Weber

A

conflict theorist

32
Q

Simmel’s sociation and web of group affiliation

A

society is a sociation of individuals who are in constant interaction with each other. not an organism

33
Q

Simmel’s primary and secondary group relations

A

In simple society, groups were formed organically and around groups such as families. Limited by residence and ethnicity.

In complex society, groups are formed from a natural basis where individuals have more choice and freedom of who they associate with.

34
Q

Simmel’s theory on money

A

money constitutes as a form of interaction
money objectifies/depersonalizes the social life
-money as a unit of social change has become a major force behind the evolutionary process.
money commodifies everything which modifies the nature of interpersonal interaction

35
Q

Simmel’s conflict as a social form

A

Within groups: conflict strengthens ties with people in groups.
Between groups: Increases the degree of group solidarity, also increases alliances with other groups`

36
Q

What kind of sociologist is Simmel?

A

Relational sociologist

37
Q

Durkheim’s mechanical solidarity

A

Undifferentiated social structure with little division of labor. Held together by a sense of oneness

38
Q

Durkheim’s organic solidarity

A

Greater refined division of labor. Held together by inter-dependence and need for survival

39
Q

Durkheim’s types of suicide

A

Egoistic: weak conformity
Altruistic: strong conformity
Anomic: under-regulation
Fatalistic: overregulation

40
Q

What kind of sociologist is Durkheim?

A

Structural functionalist

SOC (3 decks)

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