Exam 1

Question 1

What t-test for a between subjects design

Answer 1

Independent t-test

Question 2

What t-test for a within-subjects design

Answer 2

Dependent t-test

Question 3

Between subjects Design

Answer 3

participants receive only one level of the IV

Question 4

Within subjects design

Answer 4

participants receive every level of the IV

Question 5

Non-experiment designs

Answer 5

What, Who, How much, How often
- interviews, observations, surveys

Question 6

Manipulated variable

Answer 6

researcher controls, assigns people to conditions; experimental claims; IV

Question 6

Measured variable

Answer 6

observed or recorded; used in frequency or association claims; DV

Question 6

Association Claim

Answer 6

One level of a variable is likely to be associated with one level of another variable; 2 or more correlated variables

Question 7

Frequency claims

Answer 7

particular rate or degree of a single variable; only one measured variable
- rates, percentages, proportions

Question 8

Strength of Association

Answer 8

The closer to zero, the weaker the association. The closer to one(positive or negative) the stronger the association

Question 9

Positive association

Answer 9

variables more in the same direction; both negative or both positive
-less sleep is associated with lower exam grades

Question 10

Negative association

Answer 10

variables move in opposite directions

Question 11

Zero association

Answer 11

variables move randomly, no link between them
- how many burgers you eat is not related to exam grades

Question 12

Construct validity

Answer 12

how well did they measure the variables; two conceptual variables need to be operationalized appropriately

Question 13

External validity

Answer 13

Does the claim generalize across populations, contexts, times, places

Question 14

Statistical validity

Answer 14

extent to which the statistical conclusions are accurate and support the causal claim

Question 15

Type 1

Answer 15

false positive (test says you’re pregnant when you aren’t)

Question 16

Type 2

Answer 16

false negative(test says you aren’t pregnant when you are)

Question 17

Three criteria for causation

Answer 17

covariance, temporal precedence, internal validity

Question 18

Covariance

Answer 18

if there is no relationship, there cannot be an affect

Question 19

Temporal precedence

Answer 19

Can establish that X causes Y because X comes before Y; manipulated variable comes before measured variable in time

Question 20

True Experiments

Answer 20

researcher randomly manipulates the independent variables; randomly assigns participants

Question 21

Quasi-experimental

Answer 21

random assignment not used; variables treated as IV even though the researcher didn’t manipulate
- we sometimes cannot control or ethically manipulate a variable(gender, relationship, status)

Question 22

Control variable

Answer 22

experiment holds constant on purpose
-ensures that only thing influence the DV is the IV

Question 23

Unsystematic variability

Answer 23

random/haphazard; affects both groups

Question 24

Matched groups

Answer 24

better for small samples; match groups on some variable (IQ Example)

Question 25

Independent Groups/Between Subjects Again

Answer 25

Posttest only/ pretestposttest

Question 26

Posttest only

Answer 26

Participants are randomly assigned to IV groups and are tested on the DV once

Question 27

Pretest/posttest

Answer 27

Randomly assigned to at least 3 different groups and are tested on the key dependent variable twice-once before and once after exposure to the IV

Question 28

Within Groups Designs Types

Answer 28

Concurrent and repeated measures

Question 29

Concurrent measures

Answer 29

participants are exposed to all levels of the IV at the same time, and a single preference is the DV

Question 30

Repeated Measures

Answer 30

Participants are measured on the DV more than once after each exposure to the IV

Question 31

Within Groups Advanttages

Answer 31

participants are their own control
- fewer participants
- researches have more power to notice differences

Question 32

Within Groups Disadvantages

Answer 32

• potential order effects
• not practical or possible at times
• experimenting all levels of the IV changes how participants act

Question 33

Demand Characteristics

Answer 33

participants pick up on cues that lead them to guess the hypothesis(within groups)

Question 34

Manipulation Check

Answer 34

an extra Dv is used to convince that the manipulation worked

Question 35

Pilot study

Answer 35

using a separate group of participants before or after the study

Question 36

Internal validity is emphasized most

Answer 36

in order to achieve experimental control, researches sometimes conduct their studies in artificial laboratories that may not represent the real world

Question 37

Effect size

Answer 37

• can help determine covariance
• the larger the effect size, the stronger the causal effect
• the coefficient quantifies how far apart two groups are on the DV

Question 38

Three fundamental questions about internal validity

Answer 38

Were there design confounds?
If an independent groups was used, did the researches control for selection effects using random assignment or matching?
For within groups, did researchers control for order effects by counterbalancing?

Question 39

Order effects

Answer 39

being exposed to one condition affects how participants respond to other conditions; avoided by counterbalancing

Question 40

Counterbalancing

Answer 40

presenting levels of the IV in different orders

Question 41

Full counterbalancing

Answer 41

all possible conditions are presented
- two conditions, 3 orders; 3 conditions, 6 orders etc

Question 42

Partial counterbalancing

Answer 42

only some of the possible condition orders are used

Question 43

Rules for hypotheses

Answer 43

1. must be mutually exclusive(one is correct and one is wrong)
2. encompass all outcomes