Exam 1 Flashcards
the genetic endowment that members of a species have in common, including genes that influence development and aging processes.
species Heredity
What did darwin hope to accomplish
Darwin’s theory of evolution sought to explain how
the characteristics of a species
change over time and how new
species evolve from earlier ones
(Darwin, 1859).
sought to explain how
the characteristics of a species
change over time and how new
species evolve from earlier ones
Darwin, 1859
Darwin’s theory makes
these main arguments…
1.There is genetic variation in a species.
2. Some genes aid adaptation more than others do.
3. Genes that aid their bearers in adapting to
their environment will be passed to future
generations more frequently than genes
that do not.
Explain the concept of Darwins theory:
1.There is genetic variation in a species.
members of the
species have different genes than other members of the species
do, therefore they can change over time in response to the environment
— if they were all identical this wouldn’t be possible
Explain the concept of Darwins theory:
2. Some genes aid adaptation more than others do.
more desirable genes that aid in survivial
Explain the concept of Darwins theory:
3. Genes that aid their bearers in adapting to
their environment will be passed to future
generations more frequently than genes
that do not.
natural selection
the
idea that nature “selects,” or
allows to survive and reproduce,
those members of a species whose genes help them adapt to their environment.
natural selection
gene +environment =
evolution
is the application of evolutionary theory to understanding why humans think and behave as
they do.
evolutionary psychology
T or F: The most important reason that identical twins are similar psychologically is that
they are treated similarly.
F
T or F: The father, not the mother, determines
the sex of a child.
T
T or F: If a trait is highly influenced by genes, it is
generally extremely hard for environmental forces to change it.
f
tor f: Most important psychological traits, such as intelligence and extraversion, are influenced by a single pair of genes
f
Environmental influences such as stress and a poor diet can cause certain genes to become inactive.
T
Homosexuality is genetically influenced, although environment plays an important role in its development too.
T
t or f: Prenatal experiences can change the functioning of an individual’s genes
T
T or F: The contribution of genes to differences in intelligence typically decreases with age during childhood and adolescence as the
effects of learning experiences become more evident.
F
t or f: Biological siblings turn out about as similar in personality if they grow up apart as
if they grow up in the same home.
T
t or f: People’s social attitudes and interests are influenced by the environment rather than heredity
T
we “inherit” from previous generations a characteristically human environment and tried and true ways of adapting to it, inventing better ways of adapting and adjusting to changing conditions, and passing on what we learn to the next generation
cultural evolution
Biological evolution will not necessarily make humans better and better over time, but it will make them ________.
adaptable
For natural selection to work and for a species to evolve,
what must be true of the genetic makeup of a species?
For evolution to work, there must be genetic variation to aid in adaptation, and being passed on to future generations
What does evolutionary psychology try to explain?
evolutionary psychology is the application of evolutionary theory to understanding why humans think and behave as they do. Evolutionary psychologists ask important questions about how the characteristics and behaviors we observe in humans
today may have helped our ancestors adapt to their environments
and the part of the shared genetic played in the furtherance of our species
the moment when an egg
is fertilized by a sperm
conception
are threadlike bodies in the nucleus of each cell and contains stretches
Chromosomes
the basic units of heredity
genes
zygote
fertilized egg,
Sperm and ova, unlike other cells, have only 23 chromosomes
because they are produced through the specialized process of cell
division called
meiosis.
The single-celled zygote formed at conception becomes a
multiple-celled organism through the more usual process of cell
division
mitosis
deoxyribonucleic
acid stands for
DNA
researchers mapped the sequence of the chemical units or “letters” that make up the strands of DNA in a full set
of 46 human chromosomes
Human Genome Project
when does meioses begin in males
puberty
when does meioses begin in females
Early in the prenatal period when
unripened ova form
mitosis begins when….
conception
mitosis continues…
throughtout lifespan
two daughter identical daughter cells, each with 46 chromsomes like its parent
produced during mitosis
mitosis accomplishes…
growth of humans from fertilized egg, renewal of the body cells
meiosis continues in males…
throughout adolescence and adulthood
meiosis continues in females…
throughout reproductive years – ovum ripens (period)
four sperm each with 23 chromsomes is produced in male during…
meiosis
one ovum three nonfunctional bodies 23 chromosomes each is produced in females during…
meiosis
meiosis accomplishes in males…
formation of male reproductive cells
meiosis accomplishes in females…
formation of female reproductive cells
When pairs of chromosomes line up before they separate, they cross each other and parts of them are exchanged
crossing over
crossing over happens during…
meiosis
when one fertilized ovum/zygote divides to form two or more genetically identical individuals
identical twins
monozygotic twins are:
identical twins
what is the difference between monozygotic twins vs dizygotic twins?
monozygotic are identical
dizygotic twins are fraternal
when two zygotes formed by 2 separate eggs fertilized by 2 different sperm
dizygotic
each of thousands of human characteristics is influenced by only one pair of genes— one from the mother, one from the father.
single gene-pair inheritance
A male child has one long
a chromosome 1.____ chromosome and a shorter companion
with far fewer genes called a 2. ____ chromosome
- X
- Y
Females have two
_____ chromosomes.
- X
the genetic makeup a person inherits
genotype
the characteristic or trait the person eventually has
phenotype
is the activation of particular genes in particular cells of the body at particular times; only if a gene is
“turned on” is it influential
Gene expression
each of thousands of
human characteristics are influenced by only one pair of genes—
one from the mother, one from the father
single gene-pair inheritance,
a characteristic is influenced by single genes located on the sex chromosomes rather than on the other 22 pairs of chromosomes
sex-linked inheritance,
a deficiency in the blood’s ability to clot
Hemophilia
by multiple pairs of genes, interacting with multiple
environmental factors, rather than by a single pair of genes
polygenic
inheritance
why are most genetic orders recessive?
a recessive gene on X 23rd chromosome
females have X,X which are dominant
males have X,Y no dominant counterpart
changes in chemical structure of one or more genes that can
(or not) result in a new phenotype
genetic mutation
instances in which part of the genome is either deleted or duplicated
copy number variations (CNVs),
can be
attributed mainly to errors in meiosis, errors that become increasingly likely in older parents and parents whose chromosomes
have been damaged by environmental hazards such as radiation
sex chromosome abnormalities
although they do not have the disease, they can transmit the gene for it to
their children.
carriers;
, a blood disease, common among African Americans, in which red blood cells take
on a sickle shape, become entangled, and distribute less oxygen through the circulatory system than round blood cells do,
causing breathing problems and pain
sickle-cell disease
is a metabolic disorder caused by a single pair of recessive genes that results
in brain damage and intellectual disability
Phenylketonuria (PKU
A chromosomal portrait created by staining chromosomes, photographing them under a high-power microscope, and arranging them into a predetermined pattern.
karyotype
Ted and Ned, fraternal twins, are not very alike at all. Give both a “nature” explanation and a “nurture” explanation of their differences.
Nature: fraternal twins may inherit far less than 50% of the same genes.
Nurture: Their prenatal or postnatal environments could have differed, and these differences in experience could have affected them either directly or through environmental effects on gene expression.
Examples: One was positioned more favorable in the womb and got more nourishment, one was favored by parents
is the scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among people or animals are responsible for
differences in their physical and psychological traits
Behavioral genetics
is the proportion of all the variability in the trait within a large sample of people that can be linked to genetic differences among those individuals
Heritability
the percentage of pairs of people studied (for example, pairs of
identical twins or adoptive parents and children)
concordance rates
is the analysis of particular genes and their effects
Molecular genetics
the extent to which individual differences are due to genetic factors
heritability estimate
The effects of our genes depend on what kind of environment we
experience, and how we respond to the environment depends
on what genes we have.
gene–environment interaction
tendencies to respond in predictable ways, such as sociability and emotional reactivity, that serve
as the building blocks of later personality
temperament
Psychological disorder results from an interaction of a person’s predisposition or vulnerability to problems (whether rooted solely in
genes or in characteristics that have arisen from both genetic and
environmental influences) and the experience of stressful events.
diathesis-stress model of psychopathology
which says that some people’s genetic makeup makes them more reactive than other people to environmental influences, whether good or bad. Our knowledge of forms of gene-environment interaction such as
diathesis-stress and differential susceptibility is expanding rapidly.
differential susceptibility hypothesis
Because parents
provide children with both their genes and a home environment
compatible with those genes, the home environments to which
children are exposed are correlated with (and are typically likely
to reinforce) their genotypes.
Passive
gene–environment correlations
a child’s genotype also evokes certain kinds of reactions from other people. The
smiley, sociable baby is likely to get more smiles, hugs, and social
stimulation—and more opportunities to build social skills—than the
wary, shy baby who makes you worry he will howl if you try anything.
evocative gene–environment correlations
children’s genotypes influence the kinds of environments they seek.
active gene-environment correlations
is a term for the general process through which nature and nurture co-act to bring forth particular developmental outcomes
Epigenesis
