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Demographic Anthropology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Demography

A

The study of populations

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2
Q

size and composition

A

age sex race ethnicity education spatial distribution

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3
Q

Processes that change size and composition

A

birth
death
migration
unions

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4
Q

formal demography

A

math and stats

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5
Q

population studies

A

interplay of demographic and non-demographic
variables

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6
Q

Balancing equation

A

N(t) = N(0) + B[0,t) – D[0,t) + IM[0,t) - OM[0,t)

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7
Q

Growth rate equation

A

birth rate-death rate + net migration rate
r= b-d+im-om

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8
Q

arithmetic (linear) growth

A

change by a constant number each period (year, for example)

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9
Q

geometric growth

A

growth by a constant ratio each period

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10
Q

exponential growth

A

growth compounds continuously (instantaneously)
rate of change is constant

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11
Q

population structure

A
  • Relative distributions by age and sex
  • Varies among populations and over time
  • Affects observed numbers and rates of demographic events
  • Important to consider structure in any analysis!
  • Age-specific rates
    Example: ASDR = #deaths at age A [0,t) / # person-years at age A[0,t)
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12
Q

Young age dependency ratio

A

Population 15 and under / population aged 18 to 64*

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13
Q

Old age dependence ratio

A

Population 65+ / population aged 18 to 64

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14
Q

Traditionally concerned with small populations

A
  • Ethnographic data
  • Skeletal remains
  • Historical documents
  • Genetic evidence
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15
Q

Subsistence strategies

A

How a population makes a living
* Foraging (hunting and gathering), horticulture, pastoralism, intensive agriculture,
industrial agriculture
* Amount of resources, environmental factors, and labor requirements shape
population size, density, social organization, etc.

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16
Q

Model of cultural systems
(cultural ecology)

A

ideology > social organization > economy/technology/population

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17
Q

foraging

A

10,000+ years ago
all human groups relied on foraging
Foragers for 190,000 years (95%) of our
existence as a species
Today - 250k foragers (0.005%)

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18
Q

foragers

A

Rely on naturally available
resources
Some combination of
plant &
animal foods
 Mix varies with
environment

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19
Q

settlement and mobility

A

Move to resources
Seasonally & occasionally
Required in marginal
environments

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20
Q

mobile foragers

A

Don’t store food for long
Not enough or can’t be stored
But starvation and famine are rare

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21
Q

Subsistence agriculture (horticulture)

A

energy = human labor

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22
Q

Intensive agriculture

A

energy = non-human (animal) & human energy

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23
Q

Industrial agriculture

A

energy = non-human (fossil fuel), & human energy

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24
Q

Pastoralism

A

energy = depends, but always human & animal

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25
Q

domestication

A

Plants or animals that are different
from their wild ancestors or relatives.

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26
Q

result of domestication

A

Result: plant & animal species dependent on humans
for dispersal, reproduction and protection.

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27
Q

agriculture

A

Involves human efforts to modify environments of
domesticated plants & increase their productivity &
usefulness
weeding (removing competitors)
fertilizing soils
tilling land

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28
Q

Horticulture

A

“Garden cultivation”
Polyculture
Little surplus
KEY: Local inputs & human labor
only
Locally made tools
No irrigation, fertilization

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29
Q

Intensive agriculture

A

Investment of energy to gain an even
greater return in energy

30
Q

Social Organization

A

Horticulture & Intensive Ag. = sedentary
Creates new political & social problems:
protecting resources (fields, etc)
resolving disputes
Descent groups own land
Usufruct rights
As long as you work it, it is yours (horticulture

31
Q

Pastoralism

A

Animal husbandry
 breeding, use & care of herd
animals
Two types:
 Sedentary pastoralism
 Dairy farming, ranching
 Nomadic pastoralism

32
Q

notations

A
  • n=length of interval (often 1 or 5 years)
  • x=exact age x
  • Lower-case letters: an age/interval-specific measure or a measure
    calculated for the life table
  • Upper-case letters: a measure totaled over several ages/intervals or
    an observed measure
33
Q

nNx

A

Observed mid-interval population

34
Q

nDx

A

Observed number of deaths in interval

35
Q

nMx

A

death rate between ages x and x+n

36
Q

nAx

A

avg. person-years lived in interval by those dying in the interval

37
Q

nQx

A

: prob. of dying between ages x and x+n

38
Q

nPx

A

: prob. of surviving between ages x and x+n

39
Q

lx

A

number left alive at age x

40
Q

nDx

A

number dying between ages x and x+n

41
Q

nLx

A

Person-years lived between ages x and x+n

42
Q

Tx

A

Person-years lived above age x

43
Q

e0x

A

Expectation of life at age x

44
Q

life tables estimate…

A

both level AND age pattern of mortality

45
Q

Life expectancy at birth

A

a common measure of level of mortality

46
Q

Sex variation in mortality level

A
  • e0 is higher for women
  • Behavioral (smoking and alcohol consumption)
  • Hormonal
  • Estrogens enhance immunocompetence, androgens reduce it
  • Some exceptions
  • Contexts with high female infant mortality
  • Alcohol consumption low, fertility high
  • Contemporary small-scale societies
47
Q

Level of mortality

A
  • Life expectancy at birth
  • Lower limit: about 20
  • Cannot sustain much higher mortality given human fertility patterns
  • Interpretation
  • Prehistoric: 20-40
  • Modern: 40-80 *greatest observed variation
  • Contemporary small-scale: higher than prehistoric, but lower than
    industrial
48
Q

What causes level and age-pattern
variation?

A
  • Proximate Causes
  • Closest to or immediately responsible
  • Ultimate Causes
  • “higher-level” or cause of the proximate causes
49
Q

Epidemiologic Transition

A

Describes changing patterns in morbidity and mortality by cause over time

50
Q

Age patterns

A
  • U-shaped
  • Age patterns vary independently of level of mortality
  • Geographical patterns persist even though level changes
  • Difficult to ascertain from the past
  • Use of model life tables in paleodemography (same issues as e0 estimates)
  • Cannot easily determine sex of pre-pubescent skeletons
51
Q

Modeling age patterns

A

siler model

52
Q

Human mortality can be decomposed into 3 components

A
  • Juvenile mortality
  • Senescent mortality
  • Residual mortality
53
Q

Cause of death and age patterns

A
  • Infant and early childhood
  • Low today, but a large component of mortality in the past
  • Undernutrition
  • Infectious disease
54
Q

Residual and senescent mortality

A
  • Residual: Accidents, violence
  • Senescent: Degenerative disease, chronic disease
55
Q

heterogenity

A

variation in risks

56
Q

crude death rate measurement

A

number of deaths during year / mid-year population

57
Q

probability

A

occurrences / # trials, must be [0,1]

58
Q

ratio

A

a/b
example: sex ratio = (N males/N females) * 100

59
Q

How do we learn about
contemporary national populations? sources of data

A
  • Census
  • Civil registration
  • Birth records
  • Death records
  • Marriage records
  • Surveys
  • Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)
  • American Community Survey (ACS)
  • National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent to Adult Health (AddHealth)
  • Tax records
  • Social Security records, Medicare/Medicaid records
60
Q

Census

A

National enumeration of a population at the same time

61
Q

De facto

A
  • Counts people where they were found on day of census
62
Q

de jure

A

Counts people where they usually live, regardless of where they are on
census day

63
Q

Why take a census?

A
  • Taxation
  • Military conscription
  • Social services
  • Political representation
  • Planning
  • Denominator of many important measurements (population at risk)
64
Q

United States Census

A
  • Began in 1790
  • 2010 Census
  • First census without a long form (administered to 1 in 6 households,
    questions about economics, etc)
  • Long form replaced by American Community Survey
  • 2020 Census
  • First census with Internet response option
65
Q

Surveys

A

-cross sectional surveys
-longitudinal surveys
-focus

66
Q

cross sectional surveys

A
  • “snapshot”; repeated panel
67
Q

longitudinal surveys

A

Follow up over multiple “waves” or rounds of observation/surveying, etc

68
Q

focus surveys

A
  • Group(s) of interest
  • Nationally-representative
69
Q

n is

A

length of interval

70
Q

x is

A

exact age

Demographic Anthropology (3 decks)

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