Exam #1 Flashcards
What is physiology?
Deals with the processes and functions of the body, i.e. how the body parts work
What is the lowest level of structural organization in the body?
Chemical level
List the structural level of the human body from smallest to largest.
Atoms > molecules > cell > tissue > organ > system > organism
What are the four different types of tissues?
Epithelial: cover internal and external surfaces of body
Connective: bind and support various structures
Muscular: make up substance of muscle
Nervous: make up substance of nerves and nerve centers
What are the 10 body systems?
Skeletal, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, nervous, muscular, endocrine, integumentary
Functions of skeletal system
Support/protect, produce blood cells, movement, store calcium
Function of the respiratory system
Supply oxygen, eliminates CO2, regulates acid/base system
Functions of circulatory system
Distributes oxygen to cells, transports CO2/waste from cells, protects against disease, prevents hemorrhage, regulates body temp, transports water/enzymes/hormones/electrolytes
Functions of urinary system
Removes waste, regulate fluid and electrolyte, maintain acid & base, regulates chemical comp of blood
Functions of digestive system
Absorption and elimination
Functions of the muscular system
Movement, maintain posture, produce body heat
Functions of nervous system
Coordinate voluntary and involuntary body activities and transmit electrical impulses to various parts of body/brain
Function of endocrine system
Regulate bodily activities through various hormones
Functions of integumentary system
Regulate body temp, protect body, eliminate waste products through perspiration, receive certain stimuli such as temp/pressure/pain, synthesize vitamins
How many bones does the axial and appendicular have separately?
Axial- 80 bones (skull and central axis)
Appendicular- 126 (extremities)
Name the four classifications of bones and give example.
Long- femur
Short- carpal
Flat- sternum
Irregular- vertebrae
Explain bone composition.
Compact bone is the outer layer covered by periosteum, articular cartilage on articular surfaces, spongy bone is the inner layer that contains red bone marrow near end of the long bone, body of the bone is hollow called the medullary cavity, nutrient foramen are throughout the bone and connect to the nutrient artery
what’s ossification?
Process by which bones form within the body
Where are red blood cells produced?
Sternum, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, end of long bones
Explain the 2 types of bone formation.
- Intramembranous- bone replaces membranes
- Endochondral- bone replaces cartilage
What is the primary center for ossification?
Diaphysis
What is the secondary ossification center?
Epiphysis
Functional classification of joints
Synarthrosis- immovable joint
Amphiarthrosis- joint with limited movement
Diarthrosis- freely movable joint
Structural classification of joint
Based off three types of tissue that separate the ends of bones
1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial
List body habitus and describe.
- Sthenic- average, 50% of pop
- Hyposthenic- more slender, 35% of pop
- Hypersthenic- more broad, 5% of pop
- Asthenic- very slender, long, narrow, 10% of pop
What does Radiographic positioning refer to?
Study of patient positioning performed for radiographic demonstration or visualization of specific body parts on image receptors
Why are some positions called methods?
They are named positions
Ex: Towne method
Define radiograph
Image of X-Ray
Define radiography
Process/procedures of taking the image
Define image receptor
Responds to radiation to create radiographic image after it exits the patient
Define central ray
Center most portion of the X-Ray beam emitted from tube, least divergence
What is the longitudinal plane that divided body into right and left parts?
Sagittal plane
What plane divides the body into equal right and left parts?
Midsagittal plane
What is the longitudinal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
Coronal plane (frontal)
What is the plane that divides the body into approximately equal anterior and posterior parts?
Midcoronal plane
What is the transverse plane that passes through the body at right angles to a longitudinal plane?
Horizontal (axial) plane
What is any longitudinal or transverse plane that is at an angle or slant and not parallel to the other planes?
Oblique plane
The longitudinal sections run lengthwise, what plane can they be taken in?
Sagittal, coronal, oblique
Base plane of the skull is also called ______
Frankfort horizontal plane
Posterior:
Synonym:
Back half
Dorsal
Anterior:
Synonym:
Front half
Ventral
What is plantar
Sole/posterior surface of foot
What does dorsal foot refer to?
Top or anterior surface on foot
What does dorsal hand mean?
Back or posterior of hand
What does palmar mean?
Palm of hand (anterior/ventral)
What is the positioning term that describes the direction or path of the CR of the X-Ray beam as it passes through the patient?
Projection (position)
PA Projection
Posterior to anterior
AP Projection
Anterior to posterior
AP Oblique
Anterior to posterior of a limb that is rotated - must include direction of rotation
PA Oblique
Posterior to anterior of limb that is rotated - must include direction of rotation
Mediolateral:
Lateromedial:
- Goes in through medial side and exits lateral side
- Goes in through lateral side and exits medial side
Name the 8 general body positions
- Supine: laying on back
- Prone: lying on abdomen
- Erect: upright position
- Recumbent: lying down in any position
- dorsal (supine) - ventral (prone) - lateral - Trendelenburg: head lower than the feet
- Fowler: head higher than feet
- Sims position: left anterior side with right knee and thigh flexed and left arm extended down behind the back
- Lithotomy: supine position with knees and hips flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally and ankles supported
Name specific body positions
- lateral: side of the body closest to the IR/body part from which the CR exits
- oblique: side of the body closest to the IR/body part which the CR exits
- left/right posterior/anterior oblique: whatever is closes to the IR
- decubitus: lie on horizontal surface on which the body is resting with horizontal CR (dorsal, ventral, lateral)
Special application for axial projections
AP or PA is used to describe any angle of the CR of 10 degrees or more along the long axis of the body
What is a tangential projection?
Touching a curve or surface at only one point
What is the AP lordotic position?
Long axis of the body is angled rather than CR
proximal v distal
near source v far away
cephalad v caudad
toward head v away from head
ipsilateral v contralateral
same side of body v opposite side
flexion v extension
decrease angle v open angle
ulnar deviation v radial deviation
towards ulna (pinky) v toward radius (thumb)
eversion v inversion
outward movement (valgus stress) v inward movement (varus stress)
abduction v adduction
away from v toward
protraction v retraction
movement forward v movement backward
when do you take 3 or more images and what are the images?
when joints are the interest, AP/PA/lateral/oblique
what are bony landmarks techs need to rely on to find specific things?
topographic landmarks
