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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Epidemiology

A

The study of health -related trends in population

-investigate and evaluate interventions
-Determine causes of health and disease
-monitor health of population

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2
Q

What is the epidemiologic triad?

A

study of the relationship between the agent, (who causes the problem), host (susceptible person affected), and environment (factors that hinder or air agents of disease)

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3
Q

What is the wheel of causation?

A

Genetic core
host
environment (social, physical, biological)

Health status is determined by: interaction between host and environment with or without agent identified

diseases r conditions can have multiple or no specific agent

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4
Q

What is Risk?

A

The probability that a disease or illness will happen in a group of people that do not have it

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5
Q

What are risk factors?

A

Characteristics or events that are known to increase the chance of a disease or illness that will develop

Ex: if you smoke, you have a higher risk of getting cancer. Smoking is the risk factor

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6
Q

What is epidemic?

A

when there is a higher than normal incidence of disease

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7
Q

What is outbreak

A

Similar to epidemic, but usually more localized

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8
Q

What is pandemic?

A

an epidemic that occurs in multiple countries or continents

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9
Q

What is endemic?

A

Constant or “normal” occurrence of a disease in a population

“the flu”

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10
Q

What is the attack rate?

A

of people exposed to an agent who develop the disease / the total number of ppl expossed

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11
Q

How can we prevent and control an outbreak?

A

-establish existence
-describe outbreak in relationship to person, place, and time
-determine cause
-implement a plan of control or prevention of future outbreaks
-evaluate results

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12
Q

Why do we establish rates?

A

Allows us to understand:
-how serious it is
-who does it affect
-how it spreads
-what services are needed
-how do we address needs

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13
Q

What is crude rate?

A

Measurment of the occurrence of the health problem or condition being investigated in the entire population

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14
Q

What is adjusted rate?

A

statistical procedure that removes the effects of differences in the composition of a populate (example age when comparing one with another)

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15
Q

What is incidence rate?

A

measuring of the probability that people without a certain condition will develop that condition over a period of time

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16
Q

What is incidence rate?

A

measure of the probability that people without a certain condition will develop that condition over a period of time

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17
Q

Prevalence rate

A

measures the # of ppl in a given population that have an existing condition at a given point in time

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18
Q

What is an incident?

A

of new cases in the population at a specific time / population total * 1000

= the number of cases per thousand

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19
Q

What is prevalence?

A

of existing cases in the population at a specific time / population total x 1000

= cases per thousand

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20
Q

Mortality Rate

A

death rates, common incidence rates calculated for public health purposes

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21
Q

Attributable risk

A

difference between incidence rates in an exposed group vs unexposed group

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22
Q

Relative risk ratio

A

ratio of incidence rate in the exposed group and the incidence rate in the nonexposed group

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23
Q

What is infant mortality rate?

A

of infant deaths before age 1 / # of live births in the same year x 1000

= death per 1000

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24
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

testing the accuracy of who HAS a disease

ex: test with 99% sensitivity would correctly identify 990/1000 as screening positive

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25
What is specificity?
testing the accuract of who does NOT have the disease ex: 95% specificity would correctly identify 950/1000 as not having the disease
26
What is global health
encompasses behavioral and environmental risk factors of a community that are influenced by politics, economics, and culture Wants to improve health and equality for all people worldwide
27
What is global burden of disease?
risk to health and health outcomes in different demographic populations and social settings
28
What are United NAtions SDGs (sustainable development goals)
A list of 17 universal goals, targets and indicators used to address inequality between nations
29
What are health disparities?
differences in health or in key determinants of health, such as education, safe housing, and discrimination which adversely affect marginalized or excluded groups.
30
Equity vs equality
Equality does not equal equity Equality = giving everyone the same thing Equaity = making sure every one has what they need to get to the same place
31
What are the three core function for the role of government in healthcare?
-assess -develop policy -ensure services are delivered and outcomes are achieved
32
Who is the WHO
World health organization monitor daily occurrence of diseases internationally world standards of antibiotics and vaccines focused on health care workforce
33
What is the world bank?
International organization that uses funds from developed countries to help initiatives of developing countries Ex: world bank is helping 93 countries with COVID projects
34
What is the USDHHS (US dept of health and human services)
-uses federal tax money -For children, families, and community living Several sub groups fall under USDHHS -AHRQ (Research and quality) -Agency for toxic substances -CMS (centers for Medicare and Medicaid -FDA (food and drug admin) -HRSA (health resources and service admin -IHS (Indian health service) -NIH (national institutes of health -SAMHSA (sub abuse and mental health)
35
Veterans Health Administration
Services for former military persons and dependents
36
What is Tricare (DoD)
Servies active duty and retired military and dependents
37
What is the CDC
A branch of the US government and answers to president, congress and courts Engages in health promotion, prevention of disease, injury and disability and preparedness for new health threats
38
What does the FDA do?
Ensures the safety of drugs, medical devices, and many other products that stem from biomedical research
39
What does the NIH do?
conducts and funds basic and applied biomedical and behavioral research
40
What is the purpose of state health agencies?
-From state legislature and federal public health agencies -Manages WIC -Oversees CHIP -Establishes public health policies -Supports local health dept -overseas Medicaid programs -Reports communicable diseases within the state to CDC
41
What is the state board of nursing?
-oversight of all schools of nursing in that state -Provides licensure to CNA, LVN, LPN, RN, NP -oversees nurse practice act which governs all registered employees (statues, disciplinary repercussions)
42
What is the Patient Protection & Affordable care act?
-provide affordable health insurance -lower costs -improve access -preventative care and prescription benefits -MUST KEEP coverage of pre-existing conditions MUST KEEP young adults coverage
43
Affordable care act specifics
-Kids can stay on parents insurance until age 26 -no denying benefits for preexisting conditions through age 19 -banning lifetime limits -covering preventative care services
44
What is Medicare?
-65 years or older -younger ppls with (ALS, Renal failure, kidney transplant, or on disability for 2 years)
45
What are the parts of medicare?
Part A: inpatient, in-hospital, acute care, some home care, hospice, skilled care *Acute = A Part B: Outpatient, PT, OT, Mental health, DME, ambulance, prevention, diagnostics, home health Part C: part a & b through private insurance Part D: Prescription coverage *D = Drugs
46
What is Medicaid?
-Federal and state assistance for: -low socioeconomic and children -based on income and household size -priority for pregnant women, children and disabled -no other insurance
47
What does medicaid cover?
-I/O patient care -labs + radiologic diagnostics -home care -vaccines for kids -family planning -OBGYN -EPSDT for under 21
48
What is HMO (health maintenance organization)
-low premiums -low or not deductible -Needs to have PCP -PCP referral required for a specialist -no non-emergency coverage outside of network
49
What is PPO (preferred provider organization
-No need to select a PCP -no referral needed to see a specialist -usually some out-of-network -higher premiums -usually have a deductible
50
What is Acculturation
process of learning and incorporating other cultures
51
What are the foundations of community health nursing (CHN)
-population focused approach to nursing care (planning, delivery, evaluation) -health promotion and disease prevention
52
What is community based vs community oriented? This slide: Oriented
Focused on aggregates, communities, and populations *you are focused on what's going on in the community, but not direct care. -quality of life, education, prevention -entire community or population **nurse reaches out to client who may benefit from service
53
What is community based vs community oriented? This slide: Based
Focus: Individuals and families within the community *Think about where you are "based" in the community to provide care -manage acute or chronic conditions -Clinics, schools, camps, prisons, churches, home health **client seeks out the health care
54
What is systems thinking / theory?
-community of made up of different systems that interact together -studies how an individual or community interact with other systems -helps in examining cause and effect
55
What is upstream thinking?
focuses on interventions that promote health or prevent illness
56
What is the health belief model?
Used to predict or explain health behaviors -assumes preventative health behaviors are done to prevent or avoid disease -changes at the individual level -if people are healthy they are less likely to adhere to preventative health programs
57
What is Milio's framework
Identifies the relationship between health deficits and availability of health promoting resources. -change is at the COMMUNITY level.
58
What is Pender's health promotion model?
*Does NOT consider health risk as a factor that makes people change Looks at factors that cause people to make change -personal factors (abilities, biological, sociocultural, psych) -Feelings -Preferences / attitudes
59
How can we measure health?
mortality rates obesity disease prevalence tobacco or other sub use
60
What are public health laws?
-Environment public health (food sanitation, lead inspection, drinking water) -Clean air, waste-water disposal, animal and vector control -communicable diseases (outbreak investigation, required newborn screening, immunizations) -Chronic disease (sales of tobacco products to youth, smoke free ordinances, bike lanes) -Injury prevention (seatbelt laws, helmet laws, speed limits)
61
Primary Prevention
Seeks to reduce the incidence of disease by preventing it before it happens **immunizations
62
Secondary prevention
Prevent spread of disease once it occurs (Screening) and reduce it before it worsens *mammogram
63
Tertiary prevention
works to reduce complications and disabilities through treatment and rehabilitation to return to their highest level of health, prevent relapse, or reoccurrence, and avoid further decline or complications

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