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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Epidemiology

A

The study of health -related trends in population

-investigate and evaluate interventions
-Determine causes of health and disease
-monitor health of population

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2
Q

What is the epidemiologic triad?

A

study of the relationship between the agent, (who causes the problem), host (susceptible person affected), and environment (factors that hinder or air agents of disease)

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3
Q

What is the wheel of causation?

A

Genetic core
host
environment (social, physical, biological)

Health status is determined by: interaction between host and environment with or without agent identified

diseases r conditions can have multiple or no specific agent

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4
Q

What is Risk?

A

The probability that a disease or illness will happen in a group of people that do not have it

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5
Q

What are risk factors?

A

Characteristics or events that are known to increase the chance of a disease or illness that will develop

Ex: if you smoke, you have a higher risk of getting cancer. Smoking is the risk factor

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6
Q

What is epidemic?

A

when there is a higher than normal incidence of disease

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7
Q

What is outbreak

A

Similar to epidemic, but usually more localized

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8
Q

What is pandemic?

A

an epidemic that occurs in multiple countries or continents

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9
Q

What is endemic?

A

Constant or “normal” occurrence of a disease in a population

“the flu”

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10
Q

What is the attack rate?

A

of people exposed to an agent who develop the disease / the total number of ppl expossed

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11
Q

How can we prevent and control an outbreak?

A

-establish existence
-describe outbreak in relationship to person, place, and time
-determine cause
-implement a plan of control or prevention of future outbreaks
-evaluate results

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12
Q

Why do we establish rates?

A

Allows us to understand:
-how serious it is
-who does it affect
-how it spreads
-what services are needed
-how do we address needs

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13
Q

What is crude rate?

A

Measurment of the occurrence of the health problem or condition being investigated in the entire population

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14
Q

What is adjusted rate?

A

statistical procedure that removes the effects of differences in the composition of a populate (example age when comparing one with another)

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15
Q

What is incidence rate?

A

measuring of the probability that people without a certain condition will develop that condition over a period of time

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16
Q

What is incidence rate?

A

measure of the probability that people without a certain condition will develop that condition over a period of time

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17
Q

Prevalence rate

A

measures the # of ppl in a given population that have an existing condition at a given point in time

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18
Q

What is an incident?

A

of new cases in the population at a specific time / population total * 1000

= the number of cases per thousand

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19
Q

What is prevalence?

A

of existing cases in the population at a specific time / population total x 1000

= cases per thousand

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20
Q

Mortality Rate

A

death rates, common incidence rates calculated for public health purposes

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21
Q

Attributable risk

A

difference between incidence rates in an exposed group vs unexposed group

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22
Q

Relative risk ratio

A

ratio of incidence rate in the exposed group and the incidence rate in the nonexposed group

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23
Q

What is infant mortality rate?

A

of infant deaths before age 1 / # of live births in the same year x 1000

= death per 1000

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24
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

testing the accuracy of who HAS a disease

ex: test with 99% sensitivity would correctly identify 990/1000 as screening positive

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25
Q

What is specificity?

A

testing the accuract of who does NOT have the disease

ex: 95% specificity would correctly identify 950/1000 as not having the disease

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26
Q

What is global health

A

encompasses behavioral and environmental risk factors of a community that are influenced by politics, economics, and culture

Wants to improve health and equality for all people worldwide

27
Q

What is global burden of disease?

A

risk to health and health outcomes in different demographic populations and social settings

28
Q

What are United NAtions SDGs (sustainable development goals)

A

A list of 17 universal goals, targets and indicators used to address inequality between nations

29
Q

What are health disparities?

A

differences in health or in key determinants of health, such as education, safe housing, and discrimination which adversely affect marginalized or excluded groups.

30
Q

Equity vs equality

A

Equality does not equal equity

Equality = giving everyone the same thing

Equaity = making sure every one has what they need to get to the same place

31
Q

What are the three core function for the role of government in healthcare?

A

-assess

-develop policy

-ensure services are delivered and outcomes are achieved

32
Q

Who is the WHO

A

World health organization

monitor daily occurrence of diseases internationally

world standards of antibiotics and vaccines

focused on health care workforce

33
Q

What is the world bank?

A

International organization that uses funds from developed countries to help initiatives of developing countries

Ex: world bank is helping 93 countries with COVID projects

34
Q

What is the USDHHS (US dept of health and human services)

A

-uses federal tax money
-For children, families, and community living

Several sub groups fall under USDHHS
-AHRQ (Research and quality)
-Agency for toxic substances
-CMS (centers for Medicare and Medicaid
-FDA (food and drug admin)
-HRSA (health resources and service admin
-IHS (Indian health service)
-NIH (national institutes of health
-SAMHSA (sub abuse and mental health)

35
Q

Veterans Health Administration

A

Services for former military persons and dependents

36
Q

What is Tricare (DoD)

A

Servies active duty and retired military and dependents

37
Q

What is the CDC

A

A branch of the US government and answers to president, congress and courts

Engages in health promotion, prevention of disease, injury and disability and preparedness for new health threats

38
Q

What does the FDA do?

A

Ensures the safety of drugs, medical devices, and many other products that stem from biomedical research

39
Q

What does the NIH do?

A

conducts and funds basic and applied biomedical and behavioral research

40
Q

What is the purpose of state health agencies?

A

-From state legislature and federal public health agencies

-Manages WIC

-Oversees CHIP

-Establishes public health policies

-Supports local health dept

-overseas Medicaid programs

-Reports communicable diseases within the state to CDC

41
Q

What is the state board of nursing?

A

-oversight of all schools of nursing in that state

-Provides licensure to CNA, LVN, LPN, RN, NP

-oversees nurse practice act which governs all registered employees (statues, disciplinary repercussions)

42
Q

What is the Patient Protection & Affordable care act?

A

-provide affordable health insurance
-lower costs
-improve access
-preventative care and prescription benefits
-MUST KEEP coverage of pre-existing conditions
MUST KEEP young adults coverage

43
Q

Affordable care act specifics

A

-Kids can stay on parents insurance until age 26
-no denying benefits for preexisting conditions through age 19
-banning lifetime limits
-covering preventative care services

44
Q

What is Medicare?

A

-65 years or older
-younger ppls with (ALS, Renal failure, kidney transplant, or on disability for 2 years)

45
Q

What are the parts of medicare?

A

Part A: inpatient, in-hospital, acute care, some home care, hospice, skilled care
*Acute = A

Part B: Outpatient, PT, OT, Mental health, DME, ambulance, prevention, diagnostics, home health

Part C: part a & b through private insurance

Part D: Prescription coverage
*D = Drugs

46
Q

What is Medicaid?

A

-Federal and state assistance for:

-low socioeconomic and children
-based on income and household size
-priority for pregnant women, children and disabled
-no other insurance

47
Q

What does medicaid cover?

A

-I/O patient care
-labs + radiologic diagnostics
-home care
-vaccines for kids
-family planning
-OBGYN
-EPSDT for under 21

48
Q

What is HMO (health maintenance organization)

A

-low premiums
-low or not deductible

-Needs to have PCP
-PCP referral required for a specialist
-no non-emergency coverage outside of network

49
Q

What is PPO (preferred provider organization

A

-No need to select a PCP
-no referral needed to see a specialist
-usually some out-of-network

-higher premiums
-usually have a deductible

50
Q

What is Acculturation

A

process of learning and incorporating other cultures

51
Q

What are the foundations of community health nursing (CHN)

A

-population focused approach to nursing care (planning, delivery, evaluation)

-health promotion and disease prevention

52
Q

What is community based vs community oriented?

This slide: Oriented

A

Focused on aggregates, communities, and populations

*you are focused on what’s going on in the community, but not direct care.
-quality of life, education, prevention
-entire community or population

**nurse reaches out to client who may benefit from service

53
Q

What is community based vs community oriented?

This slide: Based

A

Focus: Individuals and families within the community

*Think about where you are “based” in the community to provide care
-manage acute or chronic conditions
-Clinics, schools, camps, prisons, churches, home health

**client seeks out the health care

54
Q

What is systems thinking / theory?

A

-community of made up of different systems that interact together

-studies how an individual or community interact with other systems

-helps in examining cause and effect

55
Q

What is upstream thinking?

A

focuses on interventions that promote health or prevent illness

56
Q

What is the health belief model?

A

Used to predict or explain health behaviors

-assumes preventative health behaviors are done to prevent or avoid disease

-changes at the individual level

-if people are healthy they are less likely to adhere to preventative health programs

57
Q

What is Milio’s framework

A

Identifies the relationship between health deficits and availability of health promoting resources.

-change is at the COMMUNITY level.

58
Q

What is Pender’s health promotion model?

A

*Does NOT consider health risk as a factor that makes people change

Looks at factors that cause people to make change

-personal factors (abilities, biological, sociocultural, psych)
-Feelings
-Preferences / attitudes

59
Q

How can we measure health?

A

mortality rates
obesity
disease prevalence
tobacco or other sub use

60
Q

What are public health laws?

A

-Environment public health (food sanitation, lead inspection, drinking water)

-Clean air, waste-water disposal, animal and vector control

-communicable diseases (outbreak investigation, required newborn screening, immunizations)

-Chronic disease (sales of tobacco products to youth, smoke free ordinances, bike lanes)

-Injury prevention (seatbelt laws, helmet laws, speed limits)

61
Q

Primary Prevention

A

Seeks to reduce the incidence of disease by preventing it before it happens

**immunizations

62
Q

Secondary prevention

A

Prevent spread of disease once it occurs (Screening) and reduce it before it worsens

*mammogram

63
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

works to reduce complications and disabilities through treatment and rehabilitation to return to their highest level of health, prevent relapse, or reoccurrence, and avoid further decline or complications

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