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CMN 260 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

WHO defines 4 dimensions of health

A

physical, social, spiritual, intellectual

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2
Q

Biomedical model

A

solely physical, like a machine

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3
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A

physical, as well as feelings, ideas, experiences

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4
Q

Sociocultural model

A

accounts for social dynamics and culture

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5
Q

Imhotep (ancient egypt)

A

1st known physician, used Religio-empirical approach (combining spiritual and physical study)

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6
Q

Hippocrates (ancient greece)

A

founded scientific medicine, medical ethics, rational/empirical approach - Humoral theory of illness, hippocratic oath

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7
Q

Humoral theory of illness

A

disease caused by disproportionate amount of blood, phlegm, bile

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8
Q

Rational/ empirical approach

A

disease best understood by careful observation, logical analysis

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9
Q

Hippocratic Oath

A

ethical standards for medicine (respect, no intentional wrongdoing, patient confidentiality)

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10
Q

Middle ages (dark ages)

A

faith emphasized (secular medicine banned), plague killed many, monks and barbers were surgeons

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11
Q

Rennaissance (15th and 16th centuries)

A

principle of verification (biomedical approach), cartesian dualism

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12
Q

cartesian dualism

A

separation between mind/soul and body, created 2 different branches of health

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13
Q

New Western World (17th and 18th centuries)

A

epidemics in new world from europe, mostly folk medicine (traditional healing concepts)

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14
Q

institutionalization

A

Prisons (war on drugs, racial inequality), mental institutions (chloropromazine, antipsychotic medication)

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15
Q

Modernization (1800s - 1950s)

A

institutionalization, orthodox medicine, germ theory

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16
Q

orthodox medicine

A

scientific medicine only, more physician training (flecner report)

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17
Q

flecner report (1910)

A

more requirements for medical training (2/3 medical schools closed, less folk medicine)

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18
Q

germ theory

A

germs lead to disease (helped lessen infant mortality)

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19
Q

1950s

A

emergence of modern medicine (increased demand for healthcare post WWII, gov involved, Hill-Burton Act)

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20
Q

Hill-burton act

A

construction of many hospitals, esp in rural areas

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21
Q

1960s

A

Golden age of american medicine (widespread private insurance, medicare/medicaid introduced, hospitals more central, doctor prestige/salary grew)

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22
Q

1970s

A

US starts to lag, questioning system abt access, cost, effectiveness

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23
Q

1980s

A

Great Transformation (third party players larger role, medicare and private insurance implement cost containment, greying)

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24
Q

greying

A

focus shifts from treating acute to treating chronic conditions

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25
Q

1990s (paradigm shift)

A

connection btwn health and lifestyle, care focused on lifestyle/diet

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26
Q

2000-now -current issues

A

health disparities and ppl uninsured, healthcare is a luxury, opioid crisis, shortage of medical professionals

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26
Q

Longevity

A

living as long as possible (shift from acute to chronic illness, preventing infectious disease) (early and preventative care - US is behind, costing more money)

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26
Q

Why are americans unhealthy?

A

dietary habits, physical inactivity, socioeconomic disparities, cultural attitudes

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27
Q

quantity of life

A

number of health years past age 60

28
Q

quality of life

A

insurance, quality of care, disease prevalence, pollution, economic measures, social relationships

29
Q

inelastic demand (healthcare is one)

A

supply and demand for something is unaffected when price changes (can’t put a price on not dying)

30
Q

premiums

A

set monthly payments

31
Q

deductibles

A

pay 100% of care until certain point

32
Q

copay

A

pay a certain percentage of care after the deductible

33
Q

Fee-for-service

A

doctors paid for each service provided (used in traditional, PPO, HDHP)

34
Q

capitated system

A

doctors paid set monthly amount per patient (used in HMO)

35
Q

Conventional Insurance

A

used at any doctor, more expensive, about 1% of US uses

36
Q

Managed care

A

limited providers, began in 1970s, 3 types

37
Q

Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)

A

providers hired by insurance, consistent copay, cheapest option, capitated

38
Q

Preferred Provider Organization (PPO)

A

providers contract with insurance, patients use providers on preferred list, copay varies, always deductible, free for service

39
Q

High Deductible Health Plan (HDHP)

A

for those sick or with chronic illness, high deductible and low premium, least amount of preventive care, can invest in health savings account

40
Q

Upper limit

A

cap on out of pocket payment

41
Q

Affordable Care Act

A

act in 2010 to expand access to health insurance - requiring coverage of pre-existing conditions, capping out of pocket costs, eliminating limits on coverage, expanding access to medicaid

42
Q

medicaid

A

gov program providing health coverage to low income

43
Q

ACA components

A

mandated health insurance for all (ended in 2019), employers w 50+ employees must offer coverage, no recission (terminating users insurance), can stay on parent’s plan until age 26

44
Q

rescission

A

health care companies terminating users’ insurance (not allowed after ACA)

45
Q

Iron Triangle of health care

A

access, cost, quality (can’t all be improved at once)

46
Q

Socialized medicine

A

government owns and operates all healthcare, pays for services

47
Q

universal coverage

A

everyone has access to health insurance, mix of public and private providers

48
Q

Bismarck model

A

health care providers and payers all private entities, multi-payer model, insurance plans cover everyone and don’t profit (US- most working ppl under 65)

49
Q

Beveridge Model

A

healthcare provided and paid for by government, single-payer (US - native americans, military, veterans)

50
Q

national health insurance model

A

government-run insurance, everyone pays into it, private providers, single-payer (US- ppl over 65, ppl with low income)

51
Q

single payer model

A

single entity collects funds that pay for healthcare

52
Q

multi payer model

A

multiple entities (insurance companies) allowed to collect and pay for healthcare

53
Q

Out of pocket model

A

multi-payer, rich get care, poor don’t (US - uninsured people)

54
Q

Categorical variable

A

data with a fixed number of values (gender, hair color, etc)

55
Q

Continuous variable

A

data that can take any value (age, height, test score, etc)

56
Q

Moderating variable

A

variable that can change relationship between independent and dependent variables

57
Q

External validity

A

generalizablility of a study to other situations/groups

58
Q

internal validity

A

extent to which the observed results represent the truth in the studied population

59
Q

reliability

A

how consistent study results are, how accurately they reflect the thing they are studying

60
Q

cross-sectional

A

data collected at one point in time

61
Q

longitudinal

A

data is collected at multiple points in time

62
Q

Bureaucracy

A

structured organization where teams perform specialized functions under authority of more powerful ppl. Hierarchical, governed by policy/rules. executives design policies, supervisors enforce, frontline workers enact

63
Q

Theory of personal causation

A

people want to be treated as origins, not pawns

64
Q

theory x, theory y

A

prodding workers vs appreciating

65
Q

organic view of health

A

biomedical model, germ theory, evidence based - used in western medicine

66
Q

harmony view of health

A

health is sense of balance, equilibrium, biopsychosocial, rejects cartesian dualism, holistic, supports biophilia hypothesis, used in eastern medicine

67
Q

holistic

A

all parts are connected, related to biopsychosocial model

68
Q

biophilia hypothesis

A

people have an inherent belonging to nature, derive a sense of well being to it

CMN 260 (3 decks)

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