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AVS 1500 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

hunger

A

a caloric deficit

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2
Q

calorie

A

a measurement of energy

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3
Q

arable

A

farmable

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4
Q

heifer international

A

Proposes that animals may be the solution to poverty and world hunger

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5
Q

how many years ago were plants and animals domesticated for food?

A

15,000 years

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6
Q

Where were the first agriculturalists?

A

fertile crescent

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7
Q

development of cities began with?

A

domestication of animals

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8
Q

domestication

A

placing animals into service

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9
Q

where was the first poultry crop?

A

Egypt

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10
Q

what animals was domesticated first?

A

goats

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11
Q

animals are a great way to store…

A

feeds stuff

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12
Q

breed

A

“what breeders say it is” or a group of animals that possess certain characteristics that set them apart from others within the species

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13
Q

dogs

A

-stem from wolves
-used for companionship, protection, and hunting

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14
Q

what is the difference between sheep and goats?

A

sheep are cold climate, and goats are hot climate aniamls

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15
Q

What climate do sheep thrive in?

A

cold

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16
Q

What climate do goats thrive in?

A

hot/humid

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17
Q

poultry

A

used for egg, meat, and sport

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18
Q

animal husbandry

A

the art or science of caring for animals

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19
Q

palliative care

A

temporarily fixes the symptoms but is not a cure; hospice

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20
Q

nimby

A

not in my back yard (associated with large quantities of livestock moved to rural areas)

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21
Q

where is the most red meat raised?

A

Iowa

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22
Q

if mother nature had the choice all babies would be born in….

A

the spring due to food supply and nutrients

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23
Q

what is the easiest way to control reproduction?

A

castration

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24
Q

how many farmers are in the US today?

A

2.1 million

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25
Q

what percentage of present-day farmers live on a farm?

A

less than 2%

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26
Q

why are american farmers so productive?

A

-free enterprise
-land and climatic conditions
-education system
-specialized agri-business infrastructure

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27
Q

fewer farmers feed…

A

more people on less land

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28
Q

What allows farmers in our country to be so productive?

A

capitalism

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29
Q

How many acres are in the US?

A

2.26 billion acres

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30
Q

How many acres is cropland?

A

460 million acres

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31
Q

What is the percentage breakdown of farmland in the US?

A

-40% privately owned farms
-15% utilized for crops
-55% grassland, forest, ranges

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32
Q

How many farmers used to be in the US?

A

6.5 million and 30% lived on farms

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33
Q

how many people does the average US farmer feed?

A

166 people

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34
Q

what percentage of farmers attend college?

A

44%

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35
Q

Smith-Lever Act of 1914

A

provided for the creation of the Extention Service

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36
Q

Morill Act of 1890

A

provided for the establishment of a second land grant for segregated southern states

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37
Q

Morill Act of 1862

A

provided for the establishment of one land grant institution in each state

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38
Q

Morill Act of 1887

A

provided for the establishment of an experiment station in each state

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39
Q

Meat industry 1873

A

refrigerated rail cars

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40
Q

Meat industry 1875

A

A&P company formed the first grocery store

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41
Q

Meat industry 1911

A

first delivery truck of livestock reaches Indianapolis, IN

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42
Q

Meat industry 1960

A

transportation shifts from rails to trucks, and packing plants are built near feedlots

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43
Q

Meat industry 1967

A

boxed beef was introduced to better meet consumers desires

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44
Q

gestation

A

length of time from conception to birth

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45
Q

ruminant

A

-1 true stomach with 3 separate special compartments
-can breakdown plant cell walls to receive nutrition

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46
Q

monogastric

A

1 single stomach; simple stomach

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47
Q

hind-gut fermenter

A

fermentation of feeds stuffs that occurs in a separate pouch later in the digestive system; monogastric

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48
Q

estrous-cycle

A

inter-ovulatory period; cycle between ovulation

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49
Q

estrus

A

period of standing heat (when breeding should happen)

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50
Q

what is the gestation length for horses?

A

340 days

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51
Q

what kind of breeder are horses?

A

long day breeders, begin to cycle as photoperiod lengthens

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52
Q

what kind of digestive system do horses have?

A

monogastric; hind-gut fermenters

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53
Q

what edible products come from horses?

A

horse meat

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54
Q

hand

A

4 inches

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55
Q

light horse height

A

more than 14.2 hands

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56
Q

pony height

A

less than 14.2 hands

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57
Q

miniature horse

A

33 inches

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58
Q

what are the 4 different types of horses?

A

light, pony, draft, mini

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59
Q

draft horse

A

-cold-blooded
-1,400-3,500 lbs
-ex. clydesdale, percheron

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60
Q

light horses

A

-hot or warm blooded
-800-1,300 lbs
-ex. hot blooded = Arabian
-ex. quarter horse, saddlebred, TN walker, standard bred

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61
Q

quater horse

A

-first developed in Texas
-4 ranches developed this breed: King ranch, Pitch Fork ranch, 6666, and Waggoner ranch
-fastest at running a quarter mile

62
Q

what is the most popular breed of pony?

A

hackney

63
Q

donkey

A

-much tougher than horses
-62 chromosomes
-not picky eaters
-cow like tail
-small
-won’t over eat

64
Q

mule

A

-sterile
-jack x mare
-males are still castrated for behavior purposes
-Hinny (stallion x jenny)
-63 chromosomes
-some mares come into heat occasionally

65
Q

what are the 2 types of cattle? (bovidae)

A

-bos indicus (zebu cattle)
-bos taurus (european)

66
Q

what digestive system do cattle have?

A

ruminant

67
Q

Bos Indicus

A

-“ear” or “hump” cattle
-most populated in India due to religion
-evolved from India
-loose hide
-floppy ears
-well-developed sweat glands
-adaptions for hot climates
-more dewlap, sheath, naval area

68
Q

what type of breeders are cattle?

A

polysteerous (can breed throughout the year)

69
Q

what is the gestation period of cattle?

A

283 days; or count back 3 months and up 3 days from the bred day

70
Q

what edible products come from cattle?

A

-beef <9 month
-veal >9 months

71
Q

bos taurus dairy breeds

A

-holstein
-jersey
-brown swiss

72
Q

what are the most efficient dairy cow breeds?

A

-holstein
-jersey

73
Q

beef breeds

A

-angus
-red angus
-short horn
-hereford

74
Q

angus

A

-black dominant trait
-most predominant
-naturally polled (no horns)

75
Q

hereford

A

-first breed brought into the US
-dominate trait for white face

76
Q

disbudding

A

early removal of horns from calfs

77
Q

dis-horning

A

removal of horns from adult cattle

78
Q

marbling

A

intramuscular fat in meat

79
Q

grade

A

ranking of meat, based off marbling and maturity

80
Q

what are the levels of meat grades; low to high

A

-select
-low choice
-moderate choice
-high choice
-low prime
-prime

81
Q

value of beef on the market is dependent on….

A

marbling

82
Q

how has the dairy industry changed over the years in the US?

A

the amount of dairies have decreased while the production of milk has increased

83
Q

british cattle pros

A

-maternal
-moderate size
-easy fleshing
-milking ability
-longevity
-carcass traits

84
Q

british cattle cons

A

-lower performance
-less muscle
-carcass traits
-fat

85
Q

continental cattle pros

A

-heavy muscled
-high performance
-maternal
-leaner

86
Q

continental cattle cons

A

-maternal
-less marbling
-slower maturing
-fertility
-mature size

87
Q

bos indicus cons

A

-disposition
-carcass traits
-do not age well
-marketability
-fertility

88
Q

bos indicus pros

A

-heat, insect, disease tolerant
-heterosis
-adaptability
-maternal

89
Q

what 4 South American breeds are American Brahman cattle from?

A

-nelore
-Gyr
-Guzerat
-Indu Brazil

90
Q

Composite or Synthetic breeds are formed by…..

A

crossbreeding Brahman with British, and continental breeds

91
Q

beefmaster

A

breed developed by crossing Brahman, Hereford, and Shorthorn

92
Q

What was the first US BEEF breed developed?

A

Santa Gertrudis
-King ranch in Texas
-5/8 shorthorn, 3/8 Brahman

93
Q

what type of digestive system do sheep have?

A

ruminat

94
Q

what type of breeders are sheep?

A

seasonal breeders polyestrous (short day breeders)

95
Q

what is the gestation lenght of sheep?

A

147-150 days; 5 months

96
Q

what meat product can be harvested from sheep?

A

-lamb
-mutton

97
Q

what are the main sheep breeds used for meat or medium wool?

A

-suffolk
-dorset
-hampshire

98
Q

fine wool sheep breeds

A

-merino from spain
-rambouillet from France

99
Q

what is the predominant breed of sheep in australia?

A

merino

100
Q

sheep are predominantly used for what in the US?

A

meat

101
Q

long wool sheep breeds…

A

-Lincoln
-katahdin (shed naturally)

102
Q

what is the gestation period of goats?

A

150/153 days

103
Q

what type digestive system do goats have?

A

ruminant

104
Q

what type of breeder are goats have?

A

polyestrous (loosely seasonal)

105
Q

meat goat breeds

A

-Boer (South Africa)
-kiko (New Zealand)
-spanish

106
Q

dairy goat breeds

A

-LaMancha
-Nubian
-Oberhasli
-Saanen
-Toggenburg

107
Q

What is special about goat milk production?

A

they have a higher production per body size than cattle

108
Q

goat hair breeds

A

-Angora
-cashmere

109
Q

what kind of digestive system do pigs have have?

A

monogastric

110
Q

what is the gestation length of a pig?

A

115 days (3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days)

111
Q

what type of breeders are pigs?

A

lactational anestrous (do not cycle while lactating)

112
Q

what muscle product comes from pigs?

A

pork

113
Q

white line pigs

A

maternal

114
Q

dark colored pigs

A

meat pigs

115
Q

leanness in hogs is…..

A

genetic

116
Q

PSS

A

Porcine Stress Syndrome

117
Q

What is Porcine Stress Syndrome?

A

when pigs get overly stressed can cause seizure-like activity and they turn red

118
Q

if pigs are harvested while stressed it can cause….

A

poor quality of pork

119
Q

all shire pigs have

A

erect ears

120
Q

farrow

A

pig giving birth

121
Q

the size of a litter usually depends on…

A

the number of viable teats

122
Q

what is the primary problem in small ruminants?

A

-predators
-parasites
-feet

123
Q

FAMACHA scoring

A

exam of lower eyelids in sheep to check the vascularity of the eyelid and anemia to check the parasite level 1-5

124
Q

why is it incorrect to say hormones are the reason why animal products we consume are larger nowadays?

A

the animals are not old enough at the time of harvest to be receptive to the hormones. The correct answer would be genetic mutation.

125
Q

what type of digestive system do poultry animals have?

A

monogastric

126
Q

what reproductive system do poultry birds have?

A

egg laying (oviparous)

127
Q

how long is the incubation period for chicken eggs?

A

21 days

128
Q

clutch

A

number of eggs a hen can manage

129
Q

what muscle product comes from poultry?

A

chicken and turkey

130
Q

purebred birds are…

A

not used in commercial production

131
Q

what are the 2 types of chickens?

A

-broiler - meat
-layers - egg

132
Q

egg color is determined by what

A

the color of the ear lobe if the hen

133
Q

how has bird size increased so drastically?

A

genetic selection

134
Q

the female bird determines what

A

the gender of the offspring

135
Q

cloica

A

-common opening
-chicken reproductive parts

136
Q

what would have a major impact on the poultry industry?

A

being able to gender select

137
Q

what type of digestive system do turkeys have?

A

mono gastric

138
Q

how long is a turkeys incubation period?

A

28 days

139
Q

how are commercial turkeys bred in the us?

A

by AI for breat size

140
Q

squab

A

-young immature pigeon
-edible part of pigeon

141
Q

who is the largest producer of quail in the us?

A

south carolina

142
Q

Cattle scientific name

A

Bos Taurus or Bos indicus

143
Q

Swine scientific name

A

Sus scrofa domesticus

144
Q

Horses scientific name

A

Equus caballus

145
Q

Sheep scientific name

A

Ovis aries

146
Q

Goats scientific name

A

Capra hircus

147
Q

Chickens scientific name

A

Gallus domesticus

148
Q

Turkeys scientific name

A

Meleagris gallopavo

149
Q

Dogs scientific name

A

Canis familiaris

150
Q

Cat scientific name

A

Felis catus

AVS 1500 (2 decks)

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