Exam 1 Flashcards
hunger
a caloric deficit
calorie
a measurement of energy
arable
farmable
heifer international
Proposes that animals may be the solution to poverty and world hunger
how many years ago were plants and animals domesticated for food?
15,000 years
Where were the first agriculturalists?
fertile crescent
development of cities began with?
domestication of animals
domestication
placing animals into service
where was the first poultry crop?
Egypt
what animals was domesticated first?
goats
animals are a great way to store…
feeds stuff
breed
“what breeders say it is” or a group of animals that possess certain characteristics that set them apart from others within the species
dogs
-stem from wolves
-used for companionship, protection, and hunting
what is the difference between sheep and goats?
sheep are cold climate, and goats are hot climate aniamls
What climate do sheep thrive in?
cold
What climate do goats thrive in?
hot/humid
poultry
used for egg, meat, and sport
animal husbandry
the art or science of caring for animals
palliative care
temporarily fixes the symptoms but is not a cure; hospice
nimby
not in my back yard (associated with large quantities of livestock moved to rural areas)
where is the most red meat raised?
Iowa
if mother nature had the choice all babies would be born in….
the spring due to food supply and nutrients
what is the easiest way to control reproduction?
castration
how many farmers are in the US today?
2.1 million
what percentage of present-day farmers live on a farm?
less than 2%
why are american farmers so productive?
-free enterprise
-land and climatic conditions
-education system
-specialized agri-business infrastructure
fewer farmers feed…
more people on less land
What allows farmers in our country to be so productive?
capitalism
How many acres are in the US?
2.26 billion acres
How many acres is cropland?
460 million acres
What is the percentage breakdown of farmland in the US?
-40% privately owned farms
-15% utilized for crops
-55% grassland, forest, ranges
How many farmers used to be in the US?
6.5 million and 30% lived on farms
how many people does the average US farmer feed?
166 people
what percentage of farmers attend college?
44%
Smith-Lever Act of 1914
provided for the creation of the Extention Service
Morill Act of 1890
provided for the establishment of a second land grant for segregated southern states
Morill Act of 1862
provided for the establishment of one land grant institution in each state
Morill Act of 1887
provided for the establishment of an experiment station in each state
Meat industry 1873
refrigerated rail cars
Meat industry 1875
A&P company formed the first grocery store
Meat industry 1911
first delivery truck of livestock reaches Indianapolis, IN
Meat industry 1960
transportation shifts from rails to trucks, and packing plants are built near feedlots
Meat industry 1967
boxed beef was introduced to better meet consumers desires
gestation
length of time from conception to birth
ruminant
-1 true stomach with 3 separate special compartments
-can breakdown plant cell walls to receive nutrition
monogastric
1 single stomach; simple stomach
hind-gut fermenter
fermentation of feeds stuffs that occurs in a separate pouch later in the digestive system; monogastric
estrous-cycle
inter-ovulatory period; cycle between ovulation
estrus
period of standing heat (when breeding should happen)
what is the gestation length for horses?
340 days
what kind of breeder are horses?
long day breeders, begin to cycle as photoperiod lengthens
what kind of digestive system do horses have?
monogastric; hind-gut fermenters
what edible products come from horses?
horse meat
hand
4 inches
light horse height
more than 14.2 hands
pony height
less than 14.2 hands
miniature horse
33 inches
what are the 4 different types of horses?
light, pony, draft, mini
draft horse
-cold-blooded
-1,400-3,500 lbs
-ex. clydesdale, percheron
light horses
-hot or warm blooded
-800-1,300 lbs
-ex. hot blooded = Arabian
-ex. quarter horse, saddlebred, TN walker, standard bred
quater horse
-first developed in Texas
-4 ranches developed this breed: King ranch, Pitch Fork ranch, 6666, and Waggoner ranch
-fastest at running a quarter mile
what is the most popular breed of pony?
hackney
donkey
-much tougher than horses
-62 chromosomes
-not picky eaters
-cow like tail
-small
-won’t over eat
mule
-sterile
-jack x mare
-males are still castrated for behavior purposes
-Hinny (stallion x jenny)
-63 chromosomes
-some mares come into heat occasionally
what are the 2 types of cattle? (bovidae)
-bos indicus (zebu cattle)
-bos taurus (european)
what digestive system do cattle have?
ruminant
Bos Indicus
-“ear” or “hump” cattle
-most populated in India due to religion
-evolved from India
-loose hide
-floppy ears
-well-developed sweat glands
-adaptions for hot climates
-more dewlap, sheath, naval area
what type of breeders are cattle?
polysteerous (can breed throughout the year)
what is the gestation period of cattle?
283 days; or count back 3 months and up 3 days from the bred day
what edible products come from cattle?
-beef <9 month
-veal >9 months
bos taurus dairy breeds
-holstein
-jersey
-brown swiss
what are the most efficient dairy cow breeds?
-holstein
-jersey
beef breeds
-angus
-red angus
-short horn
-hereford
angus
-black dominant trait
-most predominant
-naturally polled (no horns)
hereford
-first breed brought into the US
-dominate trait for white face
disbudding
early removal of horns from calfs
dis-horning
removal of horns from adult cattle
marbling
intramuscular fat in meat
grade
ranking of meat, based off marbling and maturity
what are the levels of meat grades; low to high
-select
-low choice
-moderate choice
-high choice
-low prime
-prime
value of beef on the market is dependent on….
marbling
how has the dairy industry changed over the years in the US?
the amount of dairies have decreased while the production of milk has increased
british cattle pros
-maternal
-moderate size
-easy fleshing
-milking ability
-longevity
-carcass traits
british cattle cons
-lower performance
-less muscle
-carcass traits
-fat
continental cattle pros
-heavy muscled
-high performance
-maternal
-leaner
continental cattle cons
-maternal
-less marbling
-slower maturing
-fertility
-mature size
bos indicus cons
-disposition
-carcass traits
-do not age well
-marketability
-fertility
bos indicus pros
-heat, insect, disease tolerant
-heterosis
-adaptability
-maternal
what 4 South American breeds are American Brahman cattle from?
-nelore
-Gyr
-Guzerat
-Indu Brazil
Composite or Synthetic breeds are formed by…..
crossbreeding Brahman with British, and continental breeds
beefmaster
breed developed by crossing Brahman, Hereford, and Shorthorn
What was the first US BEEF breed developed?
Santa Gertrudis
-King ranch in Texas
-5/8 shorthorn, 3/8 Brahman
what type of digestive system do sheep have?
ruminat
what type of breeders are sheep?
seasonal breeders polyestrous (short day breeders)
what is the gestation lenght of sheep?
147-150 days; 5 months
what meat product can be harvested from sheep?
-lamb
-mutton
what are the main sheep breeds used for meat or medium wool?
-suffolk
-dorset
-hampshire
fine wool sheep breeds
-merino from spain
-rambouillet from France
what is the predominant breed of sheep in australia?
merino
sheep are predominantly used for what in the US?
meat
long wool sheep breeds…
-Lincoln
-katahdin (shed naturally)
what is the gestation period of goats?
150/153 days
what type digestive system do goats have?
ruminant
what type of breeder are goats have?
polyestrous (loosely seasonal)
meat goat breeds
-Boer (South Africa)
-kiko (New Zealand)
-spanish
dairy goat breeds
-LaMancha
-Nubian
-Oberhasli
-Saanen
-Toggenburg
What is special about goat milk production?
they have a higher production per body size than cattle
goat hair breeds
-Angora
-cashmere
what kind of digestive system do pigs have have?
monogastric
what is the gestation length of a pig?
115 days (3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days)
what type of breeders are pigs?
lactational anestrous (do not cycle while lactating)
what muscle product comes from pigs?
pork
white line pigs
maternal
dark colored pigs
meat pigs
leanness in hogs is…..
genetic
PSS
Porcine Stress Syndrome
What is Porcine Stress Syndrome?
when pigs get overly stressed can cause seizure-like activity and they turn red
if pigs are harvested while stressed it can cause….
poor quality of pork
all shire pigs have
erect ears
farrow
pig giving birth
the size of a litter usually depends on…
the number of viable teats
what is the primary problem in small ruminants?
-predators
-parasites
-feet
FAMACHA scoring
exam of lower eyelids in sheep to check the vascularity of the eyelid and anemia to check the parasite level 1-5
why is it incorrect to say hormones are the reason why animal products we consume are larger nowadays?
the animals are not old enough at the time of harvest to be receptive to the hormones. The correct answer would be genetic mutation.
what type of digestive system do poultry animals have?
monogastric
what reproductive system do poultry birds have?
egg laying (oviparous)
how long is the incubation period for chicken eggs?
21 days
clutch
number of eggs a hen can manage
what muscle product comes from poultry?
chicken and turkey
purebred birds are…
not used in commercial production
what are the 2 types of chickens?
-broiler - meat
-layers - egg
egg color is determined by what
the color of the ear lobe if the hen
how has bird size increased so drastically?
genetic selection
the female bird determines what
the gender of the offspring
cloica
-common opening
-chicken reproductive parts
what would have a major impact on the poultry industry?
being able to gender select
what type of digestive system do turkeys have?
mono gastric
how long is a turkeys incubation period?
28 days
how are commercial turkeys bred in the us?
by AI for breat size
squab
-young immature pigeon
-edible part of pigeon
who is the largest producer of quail in the us?
south carolina
Cattle scientific name
Bos Taurus or Bos indicus
Swine scientific name
Sus scrofa domesticus
Horses scientific name
Equus caballus
Sheep scientific name
Ovis aries
Goats scientific name
Capra hircus
Chickens scientific name
Gallus domesticus
Turkeys scientific name
Meleagris gallopavo
Dogs scientific name
Canis familiaris
Cat scientific name
Felis catus
