Exam 1 Flashcards
Functional Program (10)
written statement/report to describe various criteria and data for a bldg project including;
- operational criteria
- budget & schedule
- clients design objectives, needs, goals, philosphy
- site req & constriants (parking, circulation, orientation, transpo, accessibility)
- functional req (users & acitivites)
- spatial req & relationships
- detailed info on rooms, FF&E, bldg systems & special equip, finishes
- flexibility/ adaptability req
- future expandability (expansion, adiditons, redevelopment)
- sustainability goals
- used to evaluate design solutions/ alternatives, capital, operating, & project budgets prior to design
Functional Program:
Process (5)
- collaborative (architect, client, stakeholders)
- iterative process of examining/ observing, questioning, documenting and analysing the project intentions & uses
- establish goals
- consider a budget
- collect, organise, & analyse data
- identify & develop concepts (precedents)
- determine general needs
= pre-design services, typ Client provides
Functional Program:
Constraints & Opportunities (5)
- Context: physical, social, economic, political, environmental needs & impact
- project phasing, scheduling, milestones
- regulatory factors/ approval: land use, bldg code restrictions
- procurement & project delivery method
- construction delivery method/ contract
Functional Program:
Site Components (3)
What kind of site is needed?
How much development can the site sustain (services, energy, enviro damage)?
- Built Enviro: relationship to site & community (parking, circulation, transportation, accessibility, site servicing, road access)
- Natural Enviro: physical site conditions/ characteristics (climate, sun, views, prevailing winds, noise, topography, habitats, soils, water, enviro hazards, ecological concerns)
- Zoning/ Regulatory Forces: Legal restrictions (boundary survey, easements, rights-of-way), Land use (existing patterns, permitted uses & activities, height, size, shape restrictions, setbacks, lot coverage, parking, open space, & accessibility requirements, etc.), capacity of local infrastructure
- Influence: human comfort, conserve energy usage, materials, design that adapts the bldg form and layout to the landscape
Functional Program:
Spatial Requirements (6)
how much and what type of space is needed?
how will the spaces and systems relate to one another?
how will the facility adapt over time?
- space types and areas
- activities, adjacencies & separations, special tech. req.
- critical dimensions of the space & FF&E (workstations)
- durability & maintenance requirements
- primary entry, egress, circulation
Functional Program:
sustainable design principles (6)
- Siting, bldg form & orientation
- Energy performance targets
- M,E, & bldg envelope systems
- Operational Systems
- Space & use parameters: flexible, adaptable, multi-use spaces
- Sustainability & regenerative goals
Architect’s “Basic” Services:
Overview
Schematic Design: to understand & document the configuration, form, & siting of bldg = what will be built
Design Development: to understand & document what a bldg will be made of = how it will be built
Construction Documents (dwgs & specs): to graphically show how to construct a bldg and to textually describe how to construct a bldg
Bidding & Negotiation
Contract Administration
Architect’s “Additional” Services:
Overview
- Pre-Design: to understand & document the needs & functions of a bldg or the suitability of a site
- Pre-design Serivces: assist client to establish FP, project scope including financial & scheduling plan
- Post-construction: comissioning, M&O programming, post-occ studies/ evaluation
- Building Occupancy & Operations:
- site development service
- extensive submissions to AHJ (repeated submissions, appearences before committees of adjustment, site plan review panels)
- management of stakeholder engagement
- heritage preservation
- extra-jurisdictional approvals/ certifications
Architect’s “Basic” Services:
SD
Requires: client approved FP & budget , Site conditions/ documentation, client objectives
Involves: developing alternative solutions to satisfy program, massing, site location, orientation, envio factors, regulatory & aesthetic requirements
Outcome: Presentation of preferred scheme to client
- space, circulation & massing studies
- design alternatives, evaluation & selection
- bldg cost analysis (based on area of bldg)
- Project Assessment & concept approval
- client supplied data coord: review program req furnished by client & characteristics of the site
- program & budget evalutaion: review & comment on client constr budget in relation to client program of req
- review of alternate design approaches & types of constr contracts
- review applicable bylaws, codes, regulations
- arch SD: based on agreed to program req, schedule, budget
- SD dwgs & docs: illustrate scale & character and how parts functionally relate
- Statement of probable constr cost: based on area or volume unit costs
Architect’s “Basic” Services:
DD
Required: client approved SD and cost estimate
Involves: architect develops & details project further including; size, character, selection of materials and bldg eng systems
Outcome: presentation for client approval
- Concept approval & approvals from Authorities
- client supplied data coord
- design coord
- Continued review of reg, codes, by laws as design is developed
- arch DD
- DD dwgs & docs: size & character of project including A,S,M,E systems, materials, elements
- Statement of prob Constr Cost: revised estimate
- client consultation
- agency consultation
Architect’s “Basic” Services:
CD
- Approvals of Authorities
- client supplied data coord
- project coord
- arch CDs ( working dwgs, form of contract, specs): dwgs & specs of detailed req for construction of the project
- doc checking & coord
- statement of probable constru cost: any adjustments to changes in req & general market conditions
- client consultation
- interior constr docs
- consult authorities
- obatin instruction from & advise client on bidding info, forms, contract conditions, form of constr contract
Architect’s “Basic” Services:
B&N
- award of construction contract phase
- Assist & advise client in obtaining bids, negotiated proposals, awarding & preparing contracts
- client supplied data coord
- project coord
- issue bidding docs
- issue addenda
- bid evaluation
- construction contract
- client consultation
- seperate bids or negotiated bid
- services related to bidders proposals
- consult authorities
Architect’s “Basic” Services:
CA
- Award of construction contract phase
- be a rep of the client
- advise & consult w/ client
- forward instructions form client to contractor
- carry out CA & general/ field reviews
- progress reports/ evaluation: examine, evaluate, report to client on work
- keep client informed on progress & quality of work & report any defeats/ deficiencies
- process CoP: det amounts owing to the GC based on observations & evaluation of work, issue CoP to reflect this
- Interpret CDs and make findings to performance, render interpretations in written/ graphic form
- Reject work that is not conform to CDs
- Review SDs
- Product data/ samples
- prepare COs, CDs for client approval/ signature
- furnish SI with reasonable promptness
- Substantial performance report & certification: det date
- obtain and forward wirtten warranties & docs fro GC to client
- verfiy GC final applicaiton for payment & issue final CoP
- prior to end of 1 year period review any deficiencies/ defeats that have been observed and nofity GC in writing
- Client consult
- interior Constr review
- record dwgs
Site & Environmental Analysis:
Overview (8)
- = land planning, urban design, & enviro evaluation (Typ involves specialty consultants)
- process of studying the contextual factors that influence how to situate a bldg, layout/ orient its spaces, shape its enclosure, & establish relationship to the landscape
- not a basic arch service = an additional service
Analysis should include;
- physical, cultural and regulatory factors
- urban design issues and planning processes
- environmental issues (min. disturbance, reduce erosion, protect habitats/ biodiversity, protect water/ limit pollution, reduce heat island effect & light pollution)
- Grading and stormwater management
- Energy performance of a building & placement on the site
- Universal accessibility
- Environmental (ESA) and engineering reports (geotech/ sbsrf)
- Land survey (location/ descr of any features that would effect constr) and topographical map (srf)
- based on the relationship btwn the exist. natural & built features on a site and the proposed construction
- The micro climate, topography & natural habitat of a site influence design decisions very early on
- Adapt bldg to the landscape, path of the sun, wind & flow of water on a site
Site & Environmental Analysis:
physical, cultural and regulatory factors
= land planning, urban design, & enviro evaluation (typ involves specialty consultants)
- Physical Factors (enviro & climactic):
- Cultural Factors: site history, land use, community services/ amenities, archeological
- Regulatory Factors: zoning & land-use, regulations/ legal restrictions
Coordinating Engineering Systems:
Overview
- Architect responsible for the selection, design & coordination of all bldg systems based on; System benefits & limitations, Availability & cost, Space requirements
- Architects must understand how eng systems work for successful coordination with eng consultants & product suppliers
- structural system: support & transmit loads (gravity and lateral) to ground
- The mechanical system: create healthy, comfortable & safe space by provide essential services to the bldg (water supply system: consumption & sanitation, Drainage/ Sewage Disposal system: fluid waste & organic matter, heating, ventilation, air conditioning systems: occupant comfort, Fire Fighting system: detect & extinguish, Waste disposal system)
Coordinating Engineering Systems:
Structural
- struct elements must be sized, configured & joined to form a stable struct under any possible load condition = vertical (gravity) & lateral (wind & earthquake) loads
- therefore oversized to account for any load configuration
- struct. system defines a grid based on where col & bearing walls collect loads from beams/ horz. Elements (can inform bldg design & organisation of program activities)
- There is a fundamental relation btwn the span of horz. elements & the spacing of vertical supports (the struct system) that influences the dim. & scale of spaces ex: Proportion, Dimensions, Scale
Analyse struct system in terms of:
- Allowable ranges/ spans
- Costs (labour & materials)
- incombustibility/ combustibility
- Assembly time
- system flexibility
- Loading
Coordinating Engineering Systems:
Mechanical
Heat Transfer:
- conduction (direct contact)
- convection (circulatory motion, gravity - hot air rises)
- radiation (electromagnetic waves/ thermal energy, no motion req)
- evaporation (humidity/ water vapour)
Facots affecting comfort:
- mean radiant temp: temp of surrounding srf, always lower or higher than air temp, (most important, higher # = lower air temp)
- relative humidity: ratio btwn water vapour in the air & amount the air can hold (higher # = lower air temp)
- air motion: heat loss by convection & evap., air speed = important
- the size of HVAC equip. is det. by heating & cooling loads:
- Heating Load: hrly rate of heat loss in a room, HDD = 1 degree-day below the standard temp
- Cooling load: hrly rate of heat gain in a room, , CDD = 1 degree-day above the standard temp
- Degree day = 1 degree diff in mean daily outdoor temp from a standard temp. = used to calc H/C loads, size HVAC equip, calc fuel consumption
- HVAC Systems: Det the temp, humidity, quality, distribution & circulation of air in a bldg:
Coordinating Engineering Systems:
Impacts on Project (5)
The selection, assembly & integration of bldg systems are determined by the following factors:
- Performance req
- Aesthetic Qualities
- Regulatory Constraints
- Enviro Impact
- Construction Practices
Coordinating Engineering Systems:
Coordination
- Manage communication among/ between all consultants
- Provide direction on design decisions to all consultants
- Review services of all consultants to identify concerns & compliance
- coord of arch design w/ design of engs and other consultants
- coord of management of the project
Cost Management:
Factors influencing cost
- Economic & political: inflation, market conditions, interest
- Site Context & climate (enviro factors): location, weather
- Bldg type & design:
- Process & Owner/ Client/ Stakeholder Req
- Changes in project req/ scope/ FP
- Type of construction project delivery
- Owner responsibilities & timetable
- Regulations
- Atypical work arrangements
Cost Management:
cost estimating methods
- Analogous: analogy drawn from a previous project
- Parametric: most common, applies measurement of a bldg, system or component against a known cost per unit
- Bottom-up: includes estimates for hours, labour rates, materials, logistics, overhead, = most accurate but most effort
- Classification: Class, D,C,B,A
- Life Cycle Costs: = capital/ initial cost AND operating & maintenance costs
