Exam 1 Flashcards

Question

what is surgical asepsis

Answer 1

-(Sterile) no microorganisms -Sterile technique to keep area free from microorganisms

Answer 2

-Microorganisms exist everywhere except on sterilized equipment -Frequent handwashing and maintaining intact skin reduces transmission of microorganism -Blood, body fluids, cells, and tissue are major reservoirs of microorganisms -Personal protective equipment serves as barrier to microbial transmission -Move equipment away from the body when brushing, scrubbing, or dusting articles to prevent contaminated particles from settling on the hair, face, or uniform -Carry soiled items away from the body to prevent them from touching the clothing. -Do not put soiled items on the floor, as it is highly contaminated. -Clean the least soiled areas first and then move to the more soiled ones to prevent having the cleaner areas soiled by the dirtier areas.

Answer 3

-Used in addition to standard precautions for patients in hospitals with suspected infection with pathogens that can be transmitted by airborne, droplet, or contact routes. -Don personal protective equipment (PPE) when entering the room of a patient on transmission-based precautions, and to remove only when leaving the room. -Contact Precautions (gown and gloves) -Droplet Precautions (gown, gloves and mask) Note: When these patients are transported out of their rooms for diagnostics they need to wear a mask -Airborne Precautions (gown, gloves, N95 mask, neg air flow room)

Answer 4

-they are used for all patients -these are the most basic precautions -normal hand hygiene -use clean non sterile gloves when you anticipate that your hands will be soiled and change in between tasks exp when cleaning a pt use mask, eye protection, face shield, and gown when you think youll come in contact with any bodly fluid -avoid recapping needles, never use too hands and use the one handed scoop technique

Answer 5

-this is for pt who have infections that spread through the air like tuberculosis, varicella (chicken pox), rubeola (measles) -sometimes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) -Covid -flu -meningitis -pertussis -pt has to be placed in a private room w/ negative air pressure -make sure that the door stays closed -use an N95 (you have to be fitted for one) -you don't have to use gloves but perform hand hygiene but wear gloves if you think they're gonna get soiled

Answer 6

-used for pt with infections that are spread as large particle droplets -these are generated when the pt, coughs, sneezes, or talks -use when the pt has influenza, coronavirus, rubella, mumps, diphtheria and adenovirus in infants and young children -use mask and eye protection -disinfect surfaces after you are done providing care -hand hygiene

Answer 7

-prevent transmission of infectious agents that are spread by direct or indirect contact with the pt or the pt environment -C.diff, impetigo, norovirus -pt has to be in a private room -hand hygiene -gown -gloves (change after touching infectious material) -use disposable equipment when possible -disinfect used surfaces before leaving

Answer 8

-airborne+ contact isolation--> gloves, gown , N95 or PAPR, hand hygiene -enteric contact isolation--> hand hygiene, gown, gloves, clean hands with soap and water on exit

Answer 9

-you need to wash the exposed area, eye wash station for no less than 15 minutes -Alert supervisor, go to oc health and get tested -Same thing goes for needle poke pts hepB and Hep C will sow up right away

Answer 10

-Admission -Transfer -Before and after med -After operations -When pt status changes -Use nursing judgement never trust the first measurement -when there is syptoms of chest pain, shortness of breath, feeling hot or faint -Before and after activity that may increase risk, such as ambulation after surgery -to establish a baseline

Answer 11

96.7- 100.5 (35.9- 38)

Answer 12

-time of day (circadian rhythms) age and biological sex -physical activity -state of health -environmental temps

Answer 13

-temperature is usually lower in the morning -higher in the late afternoon and early evening -Variation is greater in infants and children

Answer 14

-Older adults loose thermoregulatory control as they are aging -Body temps in older adults could be lower than the avg adult temperature -Old and young people are at risk for harm for extremes of temperature bc they have less control over their thermoregulatory -Women have more changes in the body temp bc of the changes in hormones -Increase in progesterone secretion during ovulation increases body temp as much as 0.5-1.0 degrees farenhiet (0.3-0.5)

Answer 15

-Physical exercise increases body temp -Increased metabolism resulting from muscle activity results in the production o hear -When you are taking the temp take into account whether the pt has done recent physical activity or not

Answer 16

-Diseases can cause changed in the body temperature

Answer 17

-When you are exposed to drastic temperatures you body undergoes a lot of different changes -E.g. extreme cold leads to hypothermia and extreme hot to hyperthermia -These can both result in illness and death

Answer 18

-temperature -blood pressure -pulse/ heart rate -oxygen saturation -respiration rate

Answer 19

the hypothalamus

Answer 20

-Loss of appetite -Headache -Hot dry skin -Flushed face -Thirst -Muscle aches fatigue -Shivering -fever blisters -Fluid, electrolyte and acid-bas imbalances -Respirations and pulse rate increase -Seizures -Confusion and delirium

Answer 21

–bacteria and viruses that cause rise in the body temperature

Answer 22

medications that decrease fever e.g. tylenol -asprin -ibprofen

Answer 23

have a fever

Answer 24

absence of a fever

Answer 25

fever of unknown origin

Answer 26

when fever is greater than or equal to 106 F (41C)

Answer 27

less than 94 F is hypothermia anything more than 100F is febrile

Answer 28

-Heat stroke– Body’s response to prolonged exposure to environmental heat or sun, dangerous, high mortality rate 105º F -Heat exhaustion – occurs when profuse diaphoresis results in excess water and electrolyte loss 104º F

Answer 29

-composed only by clear fluids or foods that become fluid at body temperature -used to leave little residue in the GI tract, - short-term diet -supply fluid and calories without residue - often used with acute illness, before and after surgery, and other procedures such as x-ray, CT scan, etc.

Answer 30

-It includes coffee (with no creamer), tea, clear juices, gelatin and clear broth. -can give cranberry or grape juice -can give popsicles -anything liquid you can see through -make sure that it is nothing red bc if they throw up you wont know if its blood of the red juice you gave them -this is a diet progression/ therapeutic diet

Answer 31

Level 1. Pureed or smooth foods, like pudding. They need no chewing (foods can be blended). Level 2. Mechanical Altered. Moist, semi-solid foods that require some chewing. (mashing, chopping or dicing) (more calocies than full but little chewing involved.. think meatloaf) Level 3. Dysphagia-Advanced. Soft-solid foods that require more chewing ability Level 4. Regular. This level includes all foods (make sure that they dont aspirate) .

Answer 32

nothing by mouth -this is when an NG tube is put in

Answer 33

diet as tolerated

Answer 34

-reduced the work load on the kidneys to delay or prevent any further damage control the accumulation of uremic toxins -used when the pt has nephrotic syndrome, chronic kidney diseas and diabetic kidney disease

Answer 35

-low fat diets are intended to lower the pat total intake of fat -used when the pt was chronic cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder) -decreases the stimulation of the gallbladder -used in cardiovascular disease to help prevent atherosclerosis

Answer 36

-sodium limit may be set 500-3000 mg/day -used when the pt is hypertensive, heart failure; acute and chronic renal disease; liver disease

Answer 37

foods that are liquid at room temperature. milk shake, custard, pudding.

Answer 38

low fiber, easily digested…little or no chewing... like eggs

Answer 39

-fiber limited to <10g/day -before surgery; ulcerative colitis -diverculitis -Crohn disease

Answer 40

-emphasis on the increased intake of food that are high in fiber -prevent or treat constipation; irritable bowel syndrome diverticulosis -uncooked fruit, bran, oatmeal

Answer 41

-used the pt has type 1 and 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance

Answer 42

-Suction equipment at bedside -Check orders for thickened liquids. -Cutting up food on patient’s tray. Small bites, small sips -Providing pureed diet -Feed slowly – do not hurry to swallow -Reduce distractions so patient can concentrate of eating -Elevate Head of Bed. Sit upright (high fowlers 90 degrees) when eating or taking medication. -Continual assessment for coughing -Avoid using straws -Consume one pill at a time

Answer 43

-thin -nectar thick -honey like -spoon thick

Answer 44

-oral -enteral -parenteral

Answer 45

Next best to oral feeding is enteral – passing a tube into the GI track via the nose or directly through the abdominal wall (gastrostomy) to the stomach to allow instillation of a specific formula PEG tube: percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy - surgically placed -you can feed through bolus, intermittent continuous or continuous infusion

Answer 46

. parenteral nutrition (PN): nourishment provided via IV therapy. TPN – total parenteral nutrition (all macro and micro -places the pt at a higher risk of infection bc they wounds are open the bag is replaced every 24 hours so that there isn't an overgrowth of bacteria

Answer 47

carbs, fats , proteins (amino acids)

Answer 48

vitamins and minerals

Answer 49

anything your body cant produce so you have to eat it carbs, fats , proteins (amino acids)

Answer 50

-do not have to be supplied through dietary sources because they either are not required for body functioning or are synthesized in the body in adequate amounts. -Some nutrients can be converted to others in the body. For instance, the body converts excess carbohydrates and protein into fat and stores them as triglycerides.

Answer 51

-Essential for synthesis of body tissue growth, maintenance, and repair -Essential amino acids must be provided by dietary intake -Vital component of every living cell; required for the formation of all body structures -High protein intake require increase in fluid intake for everyone but even more so in patients with any kidney disease.