Exam 1 Flashcards
Government
formal institutions and procedures through which people are ruled
Politics
Who get what and how?; a process for determining how power and resources are distributed in a society without recourse to violence
What are the three types of political systems?
authoritarian government; anarchy; democracy
Authoritarian Government
a system of rule in which the government recognizes no formal limits, but may be restrained by the power of other social institutions
Anarchy
a system in which there is no government or laws; does not exist
Democracy
a system of rule that permits citizens to play a significant part in the governmental process, usually the election of key public officials
What are the types of political-economic systems?
laissez-faire capitalism; regulated capitalism; social democracy; socialism
Laissez-Faire Capitalism
economics guided only by “free hand”
Regulated Capitalism
private ownership, but some governmental intervention
Social Democracy
mostly private ownership, but more extensive government control
Socialism
complete government ownership and control
What are the theories of Democracy?
elite; pluralist; participatory
Elite
role of citizens is simply to choose leaders
Pluralist
role of individual citizen participation is not as important as participation in groups which are active
Participatory
citizens participate on behalf of themselves
What did John Locke create and what did it state?
Social Contract Theory; inalienable rights predate government, citizens make the decision that government is necessary, citizens exchange rights for protections, government only has the power people ascribe to it
What type of government is America?
constitutional democracy; rare and recently established
What two important changes regarding government happened in the seventeenth century?
governments began to acknowledge formal limits on their power; government began to provide ordinary citizens with the vote as a formal voice in public affairs; mostly as a result of the Bourgeoisie
Representative Democracy
a government system that gives individual citizens the regular opportunity to elect government officials to represent them in decision making (the American nation)
Direct Democracy
a government system that allows individual citizens to vote directly on all laws and policies
In America the national government is _______________, but many states and localities practice _______________ through the use of referendums or ballot initiatives
Representative democracy; direct democracy
Political Culture
the broadly shared values, beliefs, and attitudes about how the government should function
Examples of Resources
tax revenues, gov jobs, laws
What are some of the tools of politics?
compromise and cooperation; discussion and debate; deal making; bargaining; etc
When is politics broken down?
when violence is used
Examples of American Politics
campaign trails; laws; deals; what happens in congress halls
Examples of American Government
constitution and institutions set up for the exercise of authority by American people over the people
Why can government exercise authority?
the people have consented to it/ recognized it as legitimate
Rules
can be thought of as the “how” in politics; directives that determine how resources are allocated and how collective action takes place; they determine how we try to get the things we want
Institutions
the “where” in politics; organizations where government power is exercised
Economics
concerned specifically with the production and distribution of societys wealth; material goods like toothpaste and housing or services like med-care and entertainment
(Pure) Capitalist Economy
economic system in which the market determines production, distribution, and price decisions; property is privately owned; relies on market/ supply and demand; government has no economic role; aka Laissez-Faire
Regulated Capitalism
United States; maintains capitalism and individual freedom but allows gov. to step in and regulate the economy to guarantee individual rights and procedural guarantee that the rules will work smoothly and fairly; when market crashes gov. comes in to help
Socialism
Soviet Union; economic system in which the state determines production, distribution, and price decisions and property is gov. owned; substantive guarantee not procedural guarantee
In socialism….
politics controls the distribution of all resources; state owns everything not individuals
Authoritarian System
ultimate power to the state rather than to the people to decide how they want to live their lives; people can not effectively claim rights against the state; people have no choice but to submit; ex) dictatorship, monarchy, fascism, oligrachy
Totalitarian
combines authoritarian gov. with a socialist economy; gov. controls every aspect of life
Anarchy
no government
Democracy
government is the people; gov. that vests power in the people; if individuals in a democracy feel their rights have been violated they have the right to ask the gov. to remedy the situation; based on popular sovereignty; there is no higher power than the people and the document establishing their authority
Citizens
in a democracy; possess certain rights or powers that the gov. can not limit; citizens also have obligations such as paying taxes, jury duty, and obeying the law
Social Contract
notion that society is based on an agreement between gov. and governed in which people give up some rights in exchange for the protection of others; citizens must consent to it
Republic
differs from democracy in that it employs representation and can work in a large state; we choose representatives instead of each person having direct say on laws and other things; decisions are made through representatives of the people
Immigrants
people who are citizens or subjects of another country who come here to live or work; immigrants are entitled to due process; can not be discriminated; can not vote
American Political Culture
our expectations focus on rules and process rather than results; fair rules but does not expect equal outcome; individualism (individuals, not gov. or society, are seen responsible for their own well being; democracy; equality; freedom
Democracy in America
representative democracy based on majority rule; fair way of making a decision
Freedom in America
freedom for the individual from restraint by the state
Equality in America
being treated the same; equal access to run the race but we dont expect to see them all win the same place
What are the two main ideologies in America?
Conservative and Liberals
Conservative
promote traditional social values, distrust of gov. action expect in matters of national security, resistance to change and maintain prescribed social order
Liberals
based on the potential process and change, trust in government, innovations as answers to social problems and expansion of visual rights and expressions
Benefits on being a Colonial Subject
settlement by British funded companies; protected by British Army and Navy; and secure market for agriculture products
How did the colonies see Britains taxes?
that the colonies were taxed without consent and infringed on their liberty; taxed without representation
Declaration of Independence
political document; created in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson; first part basically uses Locke’s ideas except replaced “property” with “the pursuit of happiness”; rest of document states how colononists rights were violated and social contract broken
Constitution
rules that establish a government
Articles of Confederation
the first constitution of the US (1777); created an association of states with weak central government; without a strong central gov. they were unable to provide the economic and political stability
Confederation
a system in which each state would retain almost all of its own power to do what it wanted; aka each state is sovereign and central gov. only deals with collective business of the states; individual states provided rights to citizens
Popular Tyranny
unrestrained power of the people
Constitutional Convention
assembly of 55 delegates in the summer of 1787 to recast the Articles of Confederation; the result was the US constitution
Federalism
a political system in which power is divided between the central and regional units; gives central gov. its own source of power (constitution) and also gives independent power to the states
Federalist
sided with new constitution and ratification and federalism
Antifederalist
strong state and weak central gov. opinion
Virginia Plan
created by James Madison; representation should be based on population; favoured large states