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Biology 1 & 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are Prokaryotic cells

A

Small, singled with simple structure

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2
Q

What are Eukaryotic cells

A

Larger, and more complex cells (all multicellular and some unicellular)

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3
Q

Nucleus function

A

Contains DNA, and controls replication of DNA

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4
Q

Mitochondria function

A

The cells energy transformers (creating ATP)

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5
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

without ribosomes, synthesizes lipids

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6
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

transports proteins to various sites within a cell

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7
Q

Golgi apparatus (Golgi body)

A

Package and export of substances out of the cell

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8
Q

Lysosome

A

they break down non-functioning cell organelles and substances

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9
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Supports and strengthens the cell

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10
Q

chloroplasts

A

Convert energy from the sun using photosynthesis

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11
Q

Cell wall

A

Provides protection shape and support of the cell

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12
Q

Ribosomes

A

manufacture proteins (makes)

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13
Q

Vacuole

A

Storage of nutrients, waste disposal

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14
Q

Plasma membrane (cell membrane)

A

the outmost barrier of the cell, separating it from other cells

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15
Q

What organelles are different from animal and plant

A

plants have cell wall chloroplasts and large centralised vacuole, lysosomes are in animal cells

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16
Q

What are the main elements of the plasma membrane

A

Phospholipids (containing hydrophilic heads, and hydrophobic tails)Channel proteins, and carrier proteins

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17
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model

A

The model that represents the plasma membrane (phospholipid bilayer and proteins)

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18
Q

What are channel proteins

A

proteins that channel molecules in by creating a hydrophilic passage across the membrane

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19
Q

What are carrier proteins

A

Proteins that carry molecules by changing shape and carrying across the membrane, these carry hydrophilic uncharged substances

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20
Q

How do gases cross the plasma membrane

A

through simple diffusion

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21
Q

How do hydrophobic molecules cross the plasma membrane

A

simple diffusion

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22
Q

How do small polar molecules cross the plasma membrane

A

simple diffusion

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23
Q

How do large polar molecules cross the plasma membrane

A

Facilitated diffusion or active transport

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24
Q

what is a solute

A

substance that is dissolved

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25
Q

what it a solvent

A

liquid which a solute dissolves

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26
Q

what is simple diffusion

A

the movement of solutes across the phospholipid bilayer from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

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27
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

diffusion using a protein such as channel or carrier protein

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28
Q

What is osmosis

A

Diffusion of water molecules from an area of high free water to an area of low free water

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29
Q

what is a isotonic solution

A

a solution with equal solute and solvent concentration

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30
Q

what is a hypotonic solution

A

having a lower solute concentration than the cell contents (the cell will expand)

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31
Q

What is a hypertonic solution

A

Having a higher solute concentration than the cells content (the cell shrinks)

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32
Q

What is active transport

A

the process of moving substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration (uses energy)

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33
Q

what is bulk transport made up of

A

Endocytosis and exocytosis (both require energy)

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34
Q

What is pinocytosis

A

bulk movement of material that is in a solution (liquid) into cells

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35
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

bulk movement of solid material into cells

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36
Q

how does endocytosis work

A

plasma membrane folds around a substance to transport it across the plasma membrane into the cell

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37
Q

how does exocytosis work

A

unwanted substances fuse with the plasma membrane and it wraps around it and then expels it out of the

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38
Q

Which transport mechanism requires energy

A

active transport and bulk transport

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39
Q

what is binary fission

A

a form of asexual reproduction, that creates 2 new cells that are almost identical

40
Q

what are the steps in the cell cycle

A

Interphase, Mitosis, cytokinesis

41
Q

what is interphase

A

where the cell grows and replicates its DNA

42
Q

what are the parts of Interphase

A

G1 stage, S stage and G2 stage

43
Q

What happens in the G1 stage

A

the cell undergoes growth, increasing the amount of cell cytosol (liquid inside cell)

44
Q

What happens in the S stage

A

parent cell synthesizes or replicates its DNA

45
Q

What happens in the G2 stage

A

further growth of the cell in preparation for mitosis

46
Q

What are the stages in mitosis

A

Prophase, Metaphase, anaphase and telophase

47
Q

What happens in Prophase

A

chromosomes condense and become visible, spindle forms

48
Q

What happens in Metaphase

A

the pair of chromosomes, line up in the middle of the cell

49
Q

What happens in Anaphase

A

The sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

50
Q

what are chromatids

A

one of two identical threads in a replicated DNA molecule

51
Q

What happens in telophase

A

Nuclear membrane forms around each separate group of chromosomes.

52
Q

What happens in cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm, there are now 2 new daughter cells

53
Q

What are cell checkpoints

A

the are checkpoints that ensure that a complete and damage free copy is being created

54
Q

what are the 3 checkpoints

A

G1 checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, M checkpoint

55
Q

what happens in the G1 checkpoint

A

Checked to see if it is large enough, has enough nutrients and signals from other cells have been gotten

56
Q

What happens in the G2 checkpoint

A

checked to see if its large enough and chromosomes have been successfully duplicated

57
Q

What happens in the M checkpoint

A

checked if all chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle

58
Q

What happens if the checkpoint isn’t met

A

apoptosis will occur

59
Q

What is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death, a natural and necessary mechanism to trigger the death of the cell

60
Q

what happens in apoptosis

A

the cell shrinks and forms blebs, the nucleus then collapses then the cell breaks into apoptotic bodies and removed via phagocytosis

61
Q

If apoptosis doesn’t occur or at a slow rate what can form

A

cancer or other illness such as tumors

62
Q

What is cell differentiation

A

the process of cells, tissues and organs getting specialized features

63
Q

what is specialization

A

the adaptation of something for a specific function

64
Q

What are stem cells

A

stem cells are undifferentiated cells

65
Q

what is a totipotent stem cell

A

cells that have the potential to give rise to all cell types

66
Q

what is a pluripotent stem cell

A

cell of the primary germ layer, that can differentiate into many cell types but not all

67
Q

What are the parts of the germ layer

A

ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

68
Q

what’s the ectoderm

A

the most external primary germ layer

69
Q

what’s the mesoderm

A

the middle primary layer of the germ layer

70
Q

what’s the endoderm

A

the innermost primary germ layer

71
Q

what is a multipotent stem cell

A

cells that have the ability to differentiate into closely relative family of cells

72
Q

what is a unipotent stem cell

A

have the ability to produce only cells of their own type

73
Q

What are embryonic stem cells

A

undifferentiated stem cells obtained from early embryonic tissue, that can turn into many cell types

74
Q

What are adult stem cells (somatic stem cells)

A

undifferentiated cells obtained from various sources and capable of turning into related cell types

75
Q

What are induced pluripotent stem cells

A

a stem cell that has been genetically reprogrammed to return to an undifferentiated embryonic state

76
Q

What are the 7 levels of the hierarchy of plants

A

chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system and organism

77
Q

What are the 2 systems in a plant

A

Root (below ground) and shoot (above the ground) systems

78
Q

what vascular tissues make up a plants transport system

A

xylem and phloem

79
Q

what’s the xylem

A

hollow and dead cells that transports water and minerals

80
Q

What’s the phloem

A

living cells, that transport sugars

81
Q

what is transpiration

A

loss of water from the surfaces of a plant

82
Q

How is the water lost in transpirtation

A

Through the stomata, they will open causing the transpiration rate to increase or close and transpiration rate decreases

83
Q

What is homeostasis

A

relatively constant physiological state of the body despite changes in the external environment

84
Q

what are the components of a stimulus response model

A

stimulus, receptor, control center, effector and response

85
Q

what happens in the stimulus stage

A

a change, either increase or decrease, in the level of an internal variable (body temp)

86
Q

What happens in the receptor stage

A

the structure that detects the change sends signals to the control center

87
Q

what happens in the control center stage

A

the central nervous system evaluates the stimulus and sends to effector for any corrections

88
Q

what happens in the effector stage

A

the structure adjusts the control center signal to make it correct

89
Q

what is negative feedback

A

a control system that maintains the body internal environment at a relatively steady state

90
Q

what is positive feedback

A

A mechanisms increase a response in order to achieve a particular result.

91
Q

the endocrine system

A

the endocrine system is made up of ductless glands, which secrete hormones into the blood. These participate in feedback loops and regulate internal functions

92
Q

endocrine glands

A

scattered widely throughout the body and their positioning does not necessarily reflect the location

93
Q

hormones

A

A chemical messengers that are produced at one endocrine site and carried in the blood to influence target cells that may be quite distant

94
Q

hypothalamus

A

registers change in the core body temperature and also receives information about temperature changes from the thermorecpetors skin

95
Q

thermoreceptors

A

simple sensory receptors that are located in the skin and respond to changes in temperature

96
Q

the thyroid and thermoregulation

A

hormones regulate many aspects of metabolism. Over and under-protection of hormones can effect metabolic aspects for thermoreuglation

Biology 1 & 2 (5 decks)

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