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Pharm Tox > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Pharmacology

A

Study of introducing chemical agent into a living system (Origin, Chemistry & Effects of a drug)

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2
Q

Definition of Pharmacodynamics

A

Effects of drug on living system

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3
Q

Definition ofPharmacokinetics

A

How the body response to a drug (4 aspects)
1) Absorption
2) Distribution
3) metabolism
4) Elimination

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4
Q

Definition of Prodrug

A

Drug that’s INACTIVE when you take it

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5
Q

B1 is in the…

A

Heart

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6
Q

B2 is in the…

A

Non vascular smooth muscle (causes it to relax)

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7
Q

Definition of Pharmacotherapeutics

A

Use of drugs to Dx, Tx or prevent disease

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8
Q

Definition of Toxicology

A

Study of Poisons

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9
Q

Definition of Pharmacognosy

A

Study of drugs in crude form (original source/plant-based)

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10
Q

Definition of Drug vs. Medication

A

Drug: ONE chemical agent
Med: ONE OR MORE chemical agents

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11
Q

Definition of Synergism

A

1+1=21 (sum of 2 or more agents is greater than sum of individual effects) “enhancing”

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12
Q

Definition of Antagonism

A

Blocks effect of agonist

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13
Q

Example of Antagonism

A

Naloxone Tx for Heroin overdose

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14
Q

Definition of Hypperactivity

A

Response greater than anticipated to a given dose

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15
Q

Definition of Tolerance

A

Prolapsed exposure to liver causes enzyme induction (liver increases enzyme to inactivate the drug)

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16
Q

Definition of Tachyphylaxis

A

Form of tolerance that only occurs after 2-3 doses

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17
Q

Definition of Adverse reaction

A

Reaction that warrants DC of the drug

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18
Q

Definition of Habituation

A

Psychological Dependance

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19
Q

Definition of Addiction

A

Physical Dependance

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20
Q

Definition of Bioavailability

A

What % of dose really makes it to the target tissue

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21
Q

Definition of First-Pass Effect

A

Effect the liver, stomach, intestines has on drug
Liver is MC to break down

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22
Q

What is the most effective way to deliver a drug?

A

IV so it bypasses the Liver

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23
Q

Definition of Proprietary

A

Owns the Name of the Drug (BRAND NAME)
(ADVIL)

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24
Q

Definition of Non-Proprietary

A

Same drug but under a different name (WALGREEN”S BRAND)

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25
Q

Patient-Related Factors that influence Drug Safety & Effectiveness (10)

A

1) Weight (mg/kg)
2) Age (young & old)
3) Sex
4) Physiological
5) Pathological
6) Nutrition
7) Allergy-Hypersensitivity Reaction
8) Enzyme Induction
9) Hormonal Factors
10) Pt. Compliance

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26
Q

Definition of Dyscrasias

A

Abnormal Blood Work

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27
Q

Do side effects affect Compliance?

A

YES

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28
Q

What are Concomitant drugs?

A

Taking 2 or more drugs at the same time

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29
Q

Most Thearapeutic bonds are…

A

IONIC

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30
Q

What are ionic therapeutic bonds?

A

Weak, easily digested, used and excreted

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31
Q

What is a covalent therapeutic bond?

A

IRREVERSIBLE/not wanted
Indy’s to heavy metals and pulls it out of the tissue

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32
Q

What type of curve is the Dose-Response Curve?

A

Logarithmic Curve

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33
Q

Definition of Potency

A

How much your taking (DOSE)

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34
Q

Definition of Slope

A

Steeper the slope, less of the drug you have to take to get the same effect

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35
Q

Definition of Maximal efficacy

A

Effect (variability)

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36
Q

Definition of Median Effective Dose (ED50)

A

Dose at which 50% of population will get the maximum effect

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37
Q

Definition of Median Lethal dose (LD50)

A

Dose at which 50% of population will die if they take that dose

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38
Q

Definition of Theurpeutic Index

A

[LD50 / ED50]
Higher TI -> less likely to kill you

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39
Q

Example of Competitive drug

A

Atropine for nerve gas

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40
Q

MC route for absorption

A

Simple Passive diffusion

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41
Q

MC route for absorption in GI tract

A

ORAL (1st order kinetics)

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42
Q

Inhalation is the…

A

2nd Most Effective way to absorb (B2 receptors)

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43
Q

Parenteral Administration most effective route

A

IV

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44
Q

Definition of Zero-Order Kinetics

A

Drug absorbption that proceeds at a constant rate
(Can give all @ once or push w/ an IV)

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45
Q

Definition of First-Order Kinetics

A

Absorption that proceeds @ a changing rate but is always proportional to the amount absorbed (take 500mg and after 1 hour have 250mg left)

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46
Q

Definition of Drug Metabolism

A

Converting pharmacologically inactive drug into metabolites

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47
Q

Example of a Prodrug

A

Theophylline for Asthma

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48
Q

Definition of Phase I of Biotransformation

A

Inactivation of a drug to diminish its overall effect

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49
Q

Example of Phase I Biotransformation

A

1) Hydrolysis
2) Oxidation
3) Reduction

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50
Q

Definition of Phase II Biotransformation

A

To convert lipid sable into water soluble

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51
Q

Examples of Phase II Biotransformation

A

1) Glucuronide Formation
2) Acetylation
3) Sulfate Conjugation
4) Methylation

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52
Q

Example of Glucunoride Formation

A

Unconjugated Bilirubin -> Glucunoride Formation -> H20 soluble (Conjugated)

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53
Q

Major pathway of drug excretion:

A

Renal Excretion

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54
Q

2nd MC pathway of Excretion:

A

Biliary Excretion

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55
Q

Oral Meds are what order kinetics?

A

1st

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56
Q

IV Meds are what order kinetics?

A

Zero

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57
Q

What does Elixir mean?

A

Med has a % of alcohol in it

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58
Q

1 teaspoon =

A

5mL or 5 cc’s

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59
Q

1 Tablespoon =

A

3 teaspoons, 15mL or 15 cc’s

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60
Q

1 ounce =

A

2 Tablespoons, 6 teaspoons or 30 cc’s

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61
Q

3 major functions of the Autonomic NS

A

1) heart
2) Secratory function
3) contraction/Relaxation of Smooth muscle

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62
Q

3 Major elements of the Autonomic NS

A

1) Afferent Limb
2) Central Intergrated Elements
3) Efferent Limb

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63
Q

What does the Afferent limb of the Autonomic NS do?

A

Carries sensory from peripheral to spinal cord (GVA)

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64
Q

What does the Central Integrated Element of the Autonomic NS do?

A

Info is processed to Hypothalamus/Lower brain

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65
Q

What does the Efferent limb of the Autonomic NS do?

A

Carrie motor to neuroeffector tissues (GVE)

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66
Q

What receptors are located in the Parasympathetic NS?

A

ALL Cholinergic (ACh)

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67
Q

What receptors are located in the Sympathetic NS?

A

Mostly Noradrenergic (norepinephrine)

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68
Q

Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic Effects on the Heart:

A

P: Slow down
S: Speed up

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69
Q

Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic Effects on the Sexual Organs:

A

P: Arousal
S: Orgasm

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70
Q

Primary neurotransmitter of the Cholinergic System is _________ and it is released from the ____________.

A

ACh; PREsynaptic & POSTsynaptic Axon terminal

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71
Q

Cholinoceptors (2)

A

1) Muscarinic (autonomic NS)
2) Nicotinic

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72
Q

Edinburg Westphal Nucleus: CN & Function

A

3; smooth eye muscle

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73
Q

Superior Salivatory Nucleus: CN & Function

A

7; Lacrimal glands & Salivary Glands (except parotid)

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74
Q

Inferior Salivatory Nucleus: CN & Function

A

9; Parotid Gland

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75
Q

Dorsal Motor Nucleus of the Vagus Nerve: CN & Function

A

10; Thoracic & Abdominal Viscera

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76
Q

Basic functions of the Parasympathetic NS

A

1) dec. Heart rate
2) inc. GI secretions
3) miosis
4) Near vision accommodation
5) defecation
6) Emptying Bladder
7) Bronchial smooth Muscle contraction

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77
Q

Enzyme for ACh:

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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78
Q

Type 2 Nicotinic receptors are located

A

In all autonomic NS ganglia & the Adrenal Medulla

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79
Q

Stimulation of Type 2 Nicotinic receptors results in the release of…

A

1) ACh (parasympathetic)
2) norepinephrine (sympathetic)
3) epinephrine (adrenal medulla)

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80
Q

Type 1 Nicotinic receptors are located

A

At NMJ of somatic muscles

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81
Q

Function of Type 1 Nicotinic receptors

A

Skeletal Muscle Contraction

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82
Q

Muscarinic Receptors are located in

A

All parasympathetic target organs

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83
Q

Function of Muscarinic Receptors

A

1) Near vision (ciliary muscles)
2) Miosis (iris sphincter
3) Dec. heart rate
4) contract Bronchi
5) GI secretion
6) Sweating
7) Penile erection
8) Vasodilation

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84
Q

2 sites where drugs can act in the autonomic NS

A

1) Synapse between Pre & Post ganglionic neurons
2) Junctions between post ganglionic & effector organ

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85
Q

Definition of Direct Stimulation Neurotransmitter

A

Drugs mimic same effect as ACh or Norepinephrine

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86
Q

Definition of Indirect Neurotransmitter Stimulation

A

Drugs given that inactivate an enzyme (ACh-nerve gas)

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87
Q

Definition of Block Receptor Neurotransmitter

A

Drugs that compete for same receptor site

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88
Q

Lytic means:

A

Blocking the effect

89
Q

Origin & where they exit (Preganglionic neurons in the Sympathetic NS)

A

Lateral horn of Thoracolumbar spinal cord (T1-L2)
GVE fibers exit through ventral Root via white rami

90
Q

White Rami ______ and Gray Rami ________

A

Exit SC; Enter SC

91
Q

Basic function of sympathetic NS

A

1) inc. heart rate & force
2) BronchoDilation
3) Mydriasis
4) Sweating
5) Smooth muscle of blood vessels
6) Dec. GI motility

92
Q

Adrenergic neurotransmitters that affect the Somatic NS

A

[Synthesized from Tyrosine]
- Norepinephrine
- epinephrine
- amino acids

93
Q

Receptors of the Sympathetic NS:

A

Cholinergic

94
Q

Norepinephrine is released from

A

POSTganglionic axons of Adrenal Medulla

95
Q

Epinephrine is released from:

A

Adrenal Medulla

96
Q

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine are broken down by:

A

80% is re-uptake into PREsynaptic neuron terminus

97
Q

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine are inactivated by __________ in the Neuron Terminus.

A

MAO (MonoAmine Oxidase)

98
Q

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine that are left in the Synaptic Cleft are inactivated by

A

COMT (Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase)

99
Q

Alpha-1 Sympathetic are what type of Receptorr?

A

Adrenergic

100
Q

Alpha-1 Receptor Bodily Reactions

A

Eye: contract radial muscles or iris
Arterioles: Constrict
Veins: Constrict
Sex Organs: Ejaculation
Bladder, Neck & Prostate: Constrict

101
Q

Alpha 2 Receptor Site

A

PREsynaptic nerve terminal

102
Q

Alpha 2 Function

A

Inhibit Neurotransmitter release

103
Q

Beta 1 Bodily Reactions

A

Heart: inc. rate, force & AV conduction velocity
Kidney: Release Renin

104
Q

Beta 2 Bodily Reactions

A

Arterioles: Dilation, heart, lungs, skeletal muscle
Bronchi: Dilation
Uterus: Relaxation
Liver: Glycogenolysis

105
Q

Dopamine Effect on Kidney:

A

Dilation of Renal Vasculature

106
Q

5 Neurotransmitters that bind to Autonomic Receptors:

A

1) Nitric Oxide
2) GABA
3) ATP
4) Neuropeptide Y
5) Vasoactive Intestinal peptide (VIP)

107
Q

Main pharmacological Target organs in Clinical Medicine are…

A
  • Gut
  • Heart
  • Lungs
  • Blood Vessels
108
Q

Sympathetic Muscarinic Receptors are located on:

A
  • Eccrine Sweat Glands
  • Blood vessels in Skeletal Muscle
109
Q

Sympathetic Nicotinic Receptors are located on:

A
  • Cells of Adrenal Medulla
  • POSTganglionic neuron cell bodies & Dendrites
110
Q

3 ways to Manipulate the Adrenergic System using Sympathomimetic-Adrenomimetic processes:

A

1) Sympathomimetic drugs as agonists (direct)
2) Inhibit uptake (Indirect)
3) Inhibit MAO (Indirect)

111
Q

3 ways to Manipulate the Adrenergic System using Sympatholytic processes:

A

1) Dec. Norepinephrine Release
2) Block Adrenergic Recpetors (Alpha/Beta Blockers)
3) Stimulating Alpha 2 Receptors

112
Q

Definition of Cholinomimetic:

A

Mimic the effect of ACh

113
Q

Cholinomimetic Muscarinic Agonists (3) Examples

A

Bethenechol
Pilocarpine
Muscarine

114
Q

Bethanechol is used for

A
  • Relieving Constipation
  • Paralytic Ileus
  • Urinary Retention
115
Q

Pilocarpine is used for:

A
  • Treating Glaucoma
  • Increase Aqueous Outflow
116
Q

Muscarine is gathered from

A

Certain toxic Mushrooms

117
Q

Adverse effects of Direct Acting Cholinomimetic’s

A
  • Diaphoresis
  • hypotension/bradycardia
  • inc. salivation & gastric acid
  • abdominal cramps & diarrhea
  • exacerbation of asthma
118
Q

Reversible Cholinesterase Inhibitors (Indirect Acting Cholinomimetic’s)

A
  • Neostigmine
  • Physostigmine
  • Edrophonium
119
Q

Neostigmine is used for

A

Treating Myasthenia Gravis

120
Q

Physostigmine is used as a

A

Cholinergic agent

121
Q

Edrophonium is used for

A

Diagnosing Myasthenia Gravis

122
Q

Adverse Effects of Indirect Acting Cholinomimetic’s

A
  • Miosis/blurred vision
  • inc. salvation, lacrimation, GI & respiratory secretions
  • abdominal cramps & diarrhea
  • diaphoresis
  • bradycardia
  • neuromuscular blockade & paralysis
123
Q

Muscarinic Antagonists are found in

A

Smooth Muscle & Cardiac Muscle

124
Q

Function of Atropine

A

Blocks Muscarinic Receptors (ANTAGONIST)

125
Q

Where is Atropine located?

A

POSTganglionic & POSTsynaptic site

126
Q

Bodily Reactions from Atropine:

A
  • inc. heart rate
  • mydriasis
  • Dec. secretions
  • Dec. tone of urinary and respiratory tracts
127
Q

Higher doses of Atropine can cause

A

Hallucinations & Delirium

128
Q

Parasympatholytic Muscarinic Antagonist: (e.g.)

A

Atropine

129
Q

Adverse Effects of Muscarinic Antagonists:

A
  • Xerostomia
  • Blurred Vision/Photophobia
  • inc. Intraocular pressure
  • urinary retention
  • constipation
  • anhydrosis
  • tachycardia
  • exacerbates asthma
130
Q

Definition of Adrenomimetic Drugs

A

Mimic effects of norepinephrine or epinephrine

131
Q

Amphetamines inhibit the re-uptake of

A

norepinephrine (cocaine, adderall)

132
Q

Tricyclic Antidepressants inhibit

A

MAO

133
Q

Indirect Acting Adrenomimetic Drugs promote the release of

A

Norepinephrine; Ephedrine

134
Q

What is the MC cause of drug induced psychosis

A

Methamphetamine

135
Q

What does methamphetamine do to the body?

A

1) promotes adrenergic release
2) creates hyper adrenergic state

136
Q

Direct Acting Adrenomimetic Alpha 1 Agonists

A

Phenylephrine & Epinephrine

137
Q

Direct Acting Adrenomimetic Alpha 1 Agonists Functions

A

Vasoconstrict & Dilate pupil

138
Q

Direct Acting Adrenomimetic Alpha 1 Agonists Therapeutic Uses:

A
  • Homeostasis
  • Nasal Decongestion
  • local anesthetic
  • elevate BP
  • Dilate Pupil (Mydriatics)
139
Q

Direct Acting Adrenomimetic Alpha 1 Agonists Adverse Effects:

A
  • Hypertention
  • Localized necrosis
  • Reflex Braycardia
  • urinary retention in BPH patients
140
Q

Direct Acting Adrenomimetic Beta 1 Agonists

A

Isoproterenol & Epinephrine

141
Q

Direct Acting Adrenomimetic Beta 1 Agonists Therapeutic Uses:

A

Cardiac Arrest (initiate contraction)
Shock (positive ianotropic and chronotropic effects)

142
Q

Direct Acting Adrenomimetic Beta 1 Agonists Adverse effects

A

Angina pectoris & Tachycardia

143
Q

Direct Acting Adrenomimetic Beta 2 Agonists

A

Isoproterenol, Epinephrine & Terbutaline

144
Q

Direct Acting Adrenomimetic Beta 2 Agonists Therapeutic uses

A

Asthma: Bronchodilator
Delay Preterm labor (Relaxes Uterus)

145
Q

Direct Acting Adrenomimetic Beta 2 Agonists Adverse effects

A

Hyperglycemia

146
Q

Direct Acting Adrenomimetic Multiple Receptor Activation is Used for

A

Tx of Anaphalactic Shock

147
Q

Problems with Direct Acting Adrenomimetic Multiple Receptor Activation

A
  • Hypotension
  • Glottis Edema
  • Bronchoconstriction
148
Q

Indirect Acting Adrenomimetic Drugs

A

Tricyclic Antidepressants, MAO inhibitors & Ephedrine

149
Q

What is special about Ephedrine?

A

It’s a mixed-acting agent causing Norepinephrine release and activation of alpha and beta receptors directly

150
Q

Indirect Acting Adrenomimetic Drugs Therapeutic Uses

A
  • Nasal Congestion
  • Asthma
  • Narcolepsy
151
Q

Indirect Acting Adrenomimetic Drugs Adverse Effects

A

Hypertension & Angina

152
Q

Alpha 1 Adrenergic Antagonists:

A

Prazosin
Phentolamine
Phenoxybenzamine

153
Q

Alpha 1 Adrenergic Antagonists Function

A

Vasodilation

154
Q

Alpha 1 Adrenergic Antagonists Therapeutic uses:

A
  • Essential Hypertension
  • Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (Dec. Smooth muscle tone)
  • Pheochromocytoma
155
Q

Alpha 1 Adrenergic Antagonists Adverse effects

A
  • Orthostatic hypertension
  • Reflex tachycardia
  • Nasal congestion
  • Inhibition of ejaculation
156
Q

Beta 1 Adrenergic Antagonists:

A

Propranolol (Inderal)
Metoprolol (Lopressor)
Tim o lol

157
Q

Beta 1 Adrenergic Antagonists Bodily Reactions

A
  • Dec. heart rate & force
  • dec. conduction velocity
158
Q

Beta 1 Adrenergic Antagonists Therapeutic uses

A
  • hypertention
  • angina pectoris
  • hyperthyroidism
  • stage fright
  • glaucoma
  • migraine’s
159
Q

Beta Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists Adverse Reactions

A
  • bradycardia
  • Dec. cardiac output
  • bronchoconstriction
  • insomnia
  • depression
  • Dec. libido
160
Q

Botulism Toxin prevents release of

A

ACh

161
Q

Nicotine promote release of

A

Neurotransmitters from POSTganglionic neurons

162
Q

Ephedrine, Amphetamines and Tyramine promote release of

A

Norepinephrine

163
Q

AChase is inhibited by

A

Physostigmine
Organophosphate
Carbamates

164
Q

Clonidine is a __________ antagonist used to treat ______________.

A

Alpha 2; Hypertension

165
Q

MC Neurotransmitter in the CNS & PNS

A

Norepinephrine

166
Q

Excitatory vs. Inhibitory: Norepinephrine

A

Excitatory

167
Q

Excitatory vs. Inhibitory: Serotonin

A

Excitatory

168
Q

Excitatory vs. Inhibitory: Dopamine

A

Inhibitory

169
Q

Excitatory vs. Inhibitory: GABA

A

Inhibitory to the CNS

170
Q

What processes are Affected by: Norepinephrine

A
  • Sleep/Wake
  • Learning & Memory
  • Mood
171
Q

What processes are Affected by: Serotonin

A
  • Sleep/Wake
  • Pain perception
  • depression
  • Sexual Activity
  • Aggressive Behavior
172
Q

Dopamine Is found in:

A

Substantial Nigra
Caudate Nucleus

173
Q

Serotonin Is found in:

A

Hypothalamus
Limbic System
Brain Stem

174
Q

Norepinephrine Is found in:

A

Pons
Neurons of Reticular Formation

175
Q

What neurotransmitters are derived from Tyrosine?

A

Norepinephrine
Dopamine

176
Q

What neurotransmitter is derived from Tryptophan?

A

Serotonin

177
Q

What does GABA do to the nerve?

A

Enhances Cl- ions; decreasing Firing

178
Q

Excitatory vs. Inhibitory: Glycine

A

Inhibitory

179
Q

Excitatory vs. inhibitory: Glutamine Acid

A

Excitatory (classified as a stimulant))

180
Q

3 things that exaggerate neurotransmitter effect by increasing the neurotransmitter at the synapse

A

1) Inc. rate of synthesis & release (amphetamines)
2) Dec. enzyme breakdown (cocaine)
3) Prolong the time in the synapse (atropine)

181
Q

4 things that decrease the overall effect of a neurotransmitter

A

1) Dec. synthesis or release
2) inc. rate of enzyme breakdown
3) inc. pre-synaptic uptake
4) block post-synaptic receptor sites

182
Q

Analeptic Stimulants: MOA

A

Inhibits GABA

183
Q

Analeptic Stimulants: Example

A

Doxapram

184
Q

Analeptic Stimulants: Clinical Use

A
  • Doxopram stimulates respiration in pt’s w/ barbiturate overdose
  • Post-anesthetic pt’s
  • Neonatal RDS
185
Q

Psychomotor Stimulants: MOA

A

Inc. norepinephrine release from pre-synaptic neurons

186
Q

Psychomotor Stimulants: Examples

A

Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Adderall

187
Q

Psychomotor Stimulants: Clinical Use

A

Hyperkinesis (ADD)
Obesity
Narcolepsy

188
Q

Psychomotor Stimulants: Acute Effects

A

Euphoria
Dizziness
Tremor
Irritability
Insomnia
Tachycardia
Arrhythmias

189
Q

Methylxanthines: MOA

A

Dec. chloride conductance
Dec. adenosine activity at post-synaptic sites

190
Q

Methylxanthines: Examples

A

Caffeine

191
Q

Methylxanthines: Clinical use

A

BronchoDilation
Tx of CNS depressant overdose
Fatigue
Headaches

192
Q

Endogenous Definition

A

Struggle to get out of bed in the morning even though things in your life are perfect

193
Q

Exogenous definition

A

You had a bad weekend and are depressed

194
Q

Example’s of SSRI’s

A

Fluoxetine (Prozac) 1/2 life = 24 hours

195
Q

SSRI’s: MOA

A

Block re-uptake of serotonin

196
Q

SSRI’s Clinical Indications/Usage

A

Treats OCD & Clinical Depression

197
Q

SSRI’s: Side Effects

A
  • Nausea
  • Weight loss/Decreased Appetite
  • Serotonin Syndrome: Jitters, Elevated core temp
198
Q

Tricyclics: Examples

A

Amitriptyline (Elavil) - Prototype
**Prodrug (inactive when taken)

199
Q

1st drug to be approved for children

A

Imipramine

200
Q

Tricyclics: MOA

A

Block re-uptake of Norepinephrine, increasing levels of norepinephrine

201
Q

Tricyclics: Clinical Use

A

Clinical Depression

202
Q

Tricyclics: Adverse Reactions

A

Sedation, Dry-Mouth
Weight gain
Suicidal ideation

203
Q

MonoAmine Oxidase Inhibitors: Examples

A

[Dangerous-use as last resort]

Phenelzine (Nardil)

204
Q

MonoAmine Oxidase Inhibitors: MOA

A

Blocks enzymatic breakdown of norepinephrine in the BRAIN (90%) & Gut (10%)
W/O MAO -> Hypertensive crisis

205
Q

MonoAmine Oxidase Inhibitors: Clinical Use

A

Clinical Depression

206
Q

MonoAmine Oxidase Inhibitors: Side Effects

A

Have to be on Tyramine diet or else Hypertensive Crisis

207
Q

Bupropion effect on the body

A

Suppresses Nicotine fits
Can lower seizure threshold

208
Q

Anti manic Agents function

A

minimize the highs of a manic phase

209
Q

Antimanic: examples

A

Lithium Salts

210
Q

Antimanic Agents: MOA

A

Only treats manic phase; need another drug for depressive low

211
Q

Anxiolytic Agents: MC Classification

A

Minor tranquilizers (treat psychosis)

212
Q

Anxiolytic Agents: Example

A

Benzodiazepines (Diazepam) (Valium)

213
Q

Anxiolytic Agents: MOA

A

Stimulates GABA (more negatively charged00

214
Q

Anxiolytic Agents: Clinical Use

A

Anxiety
Panic Attacks

215
Q

Anxiolytic Agents: Side Effects

A

Stronger Potency

216
Q

Sedative-Hypnotic Agents: MC Classification

A

Insomnia

217
Q

Drug therapy for Imsomnia

A

Benzodiazepines (taking sleeping pills ruins REM sleep causing rebound insomnia)

218
Q

Sedative-Hypnotic Agents: MOA

A

Enhance GABA activity in the brain

Pharm Tox (3 decks)

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