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BIO30 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Between the legs

A

Sex

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2
Q

Between the ears

A

Gender

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3
Q

What is gender?

A

Is based on one’s gender identity which is how one feels inside and may not match one’s sex

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4
Q

Knowing your attitudes, beliefs, behaviors and values and their origins

A

Self understanding about sexuality

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5
Q

Being able to talk about sexual pleasure and health and set own limits

A

Having interpersonal sexual skills

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6
Q

Norms and what P & E factors determines choices we may or may not be able to make

A

Having consideration of the cultural and political contexts surrounding sex

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7
Q

What are the four components of sexual intelligence that affect our own personal sexuality?

A
  • Self understanding about sexuality
  • Having interpersonal sexual skills
  • Having accurate scientific knowledge
  • Having consideration of the cultural and political contexts surrounding sex
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8
Q

Influences sexual functioning, sex drive, behavior and development of reproductive organs

A

Estrogen and testosterone

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9
Q

Involved in parental behavior, infatuation, lactation

A

Oxytocin

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10
Q

A term for people whose gender identity matches the sex that they were assigned at birth - doesn’t always happen

A

Cisgender

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11
Q

The study of sexuality

A

Sexology

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12
Q

Group of individuals being studied

A

Population

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13
Q

Subset of individuals in population

A

Sample

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14
Q

Randomly chosen subset of a population

A

Random sample

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15
Q

Limited sample that provides an accurate representation of the larger target population

A

Representative sample

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16
Q

Selected based on convenience and accessibility i.e. students in a class

A

Convenience sample

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17
Q

Tendency for those who volunteer for research to be different in some way from those that refuse

A

Volunteer bias

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18
Q

Tendency for some members of population to be over-represented and others to be excluded

A

Demographic bias

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19
Q

Examines a small group of people in depth

A

Qualitative Study

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20
Q

Data gathered from relatively large groups of people by means of questionnaires or interviews

A

Survey

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21
Q

Researchers observe and record responses of participants

A

Direct Observations

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22
Q

Researcher manipulates a set of conditions, or variables, and observes the effect of this manipulation on participants’ behavior

A

Experimental method

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23
Q

What are the advantages of qualitative studies?

A
  • In-depth explorations
  • Good for understanding context and lived experiences
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24
Q

What are the disadvantages of qualitative studies?

A
  • Hard to generalize results
  • Not suitable for many research questions
  • Possibility of bias in reporting
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25
Q

Refusal to participate in a study

A

Non-response

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26
Q

Sampling bias in which certain segments of society are disproportionately represented

A

Demographic bias

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27
Q

Respondents view questions on computer screen and enter answers with labeled keys

A

Vídeo CASI

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28
Q

Respondents listen to questions through headphones

A

Audio CASI

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29
Q

What is a penile plethysmograph?

A
  • Looped around base of penis
  • Measures changes in blood flow to penis - increase in circumference
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30
Q

What is a vaginal photoplethysmograph?

A
  • Light sources and detector
  • Inserted into the vagina similar to tampon
  • Measures increased vaginal blood volume due to arousal via amount light back scattered to device
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31
Q

Measure muscular activity in pelvic area

A

Vaginal and rectal myographs

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32
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an imaging tool that creates detailed, cross-sectional pictures of the inside of the body using radio frequency waves, powerful magnets and a computer

A

Functional MRI

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33
Q

Volunteers randomly assigned to one or two or more groups, experimental group(s) and control group

A

Single blind or double-blind studies

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34
Q

Anything that can vary or change

A

Variable

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35
Q

Is exposed to some variable

A

Experimental group

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36
Q

Not exposed to some variable

A

Control group

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37
Q

Inactive substance that resembles treatment you are testing

A

Placebo

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38
Q

Variable that is manipulated - determined by researcher (possible cause)

A

Independent variable

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39
Q

What is measured by researcher (effect)

A

Dependent variable

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40
Q

Being derived from the same tissue and same stem cells

A

Homology

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41
Q

Haploid cell capable of reproduction by fusing with another haploid gamete

A

Gamete

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42
Q

Gamete produced by testers in a process called spermatogenesis

A

Sperm

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43
Q

Gamete produced by the ovaries in a process called oogenesis

A

Ova

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44
Q

Internally made up of nerves, blood vessels, and cylinders of erectile tissue and urethra

A

Penis

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45
Q

Pouch of skin that holds the testicles

A

Scrotum

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46
Q

What are the primary functions of the penis?

A
  • Serves as conduit for urine to leave the body
  • Serves as conduit for semen (contains sperm) to leave the body
  • Sexual pleasure
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47
Q

Head of the penis

A

Glans

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48
Q

Body of the penis

A

Shaft

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49
Q

Base of the penis

A

Root

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50
Q

What are the glans made up of?

A
  • Corona
  • Meatus
  • Frenulum
  • Foreskin (prepuce) (smegma & circumcision)
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51
Q

What is the crura?

A
  • Covered by muscle & attached to pubic bone
  • Muscles help control urination & ejaculation
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52
Q

May get stronger orgasms & ejaculatory control

A

Kegel

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53
Q

Smooth muscle and connective tissue raising and lowering testicles when warm or cold

A

Tunica dartos

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54
Q

Sensitive area between genitals and anus

A

Perineum

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55
Q

May act as cushion during sexual contact and traps scents that are attractive

A

Pubic hair

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56
Q

Shaving or trimming pubic hair is a common ritual

A

Manscaping

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57
Q

Internal and external

A

The penis

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58
Q

What are the testes (gonads)?

A
  • Main functions are to produce
  • Suspended by spermatic cord
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59
Q

Three parts of the ejaculatory pathway?

A
  • Epididymis
  • Vas deferents
  • Ejaculatory ducts
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60
Q

2 inches long, behind bladder make 2/3 volume of semen, alkaline, fructose, & vitamins

A

Seminal vesicles

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61
Q

Doughnut shaped & walnut sized

A

Prostate gland

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62
Q

Where sperm area produced

A

Seminiferous tubules

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63
Q

What are the Sertoli cells?

A
  • Nurture and facilitate spermatogenesis or the process of making sperm
  • Also secretes anti-mullerian hormone involved in prenatal sexual differentiation
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64
Q

Primordial germ cell that goes through meiosis to produce mature sperm cells

A

Spermatongia

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65
Q

Cells within connective tissue spaces between tubules that synthesize and secrete testosterone and other androgens

A

Interstitial cells of Leydig

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66
Q

Acrosome contains enzymes

A

Head

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67
Q

Mitochondria provides energy need by tail

A

Body

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68
Q

Is a flagellum

A

Tail

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69
Q

What do sperms carry?

A

Chromosomes

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70
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

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71
Q

How many chromosomes do ova and the sperm contain?

A

23

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72
Q

Not sex chromosomes

A

Autosomes

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73
Q

Induces information of spermatogenic structures

A

XY

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74
Q

Induces formations of oogenic structures

A

XX

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75
Q

How many gametes are produced at a time with spermatogenesis?

A

Hundreds of millions of sperm

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76
Q

How many gametes are produced at a time with oogenesis?

A

One egg

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77
Q

What is the time for gamete formation in spermatogenesis?

A

Sperm produced every 100 days, from puberty onward

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78
Q

What is the time for gamete formation in oogenesis?

A

8-20 weeks

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79
Q

What is the number of functional games form one stem cell in spermatogensis?

A

4

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80
Q

What is the number of functional gametes from one stem cell in oogenesis?

A

1

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81
Q

What is the size of sperm?

A

Smallest cells in the body

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82
Q

What is the size of the egg?

A

One of the largest cells in the body

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83
Q

Sperm production

A

Spermatogenesis

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84
Q

What is the role of sterilize cells and androgen binding protein (ABP)?

A

Helps concentrate androgens around sperm so T can better influence sperm development

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85
Q

What is semen?

A

A heterogeneous ejaculate

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86
Q

Made up of smooth muscle fibers, connective tissue, small tubes, and clusters of glands that produce a clear fluid

A

Prostate

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87
Q

Which cells in the seminiferous tubules nurture & facilitate spermatogenesis?

A

Steroli cells

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88
Q

Semen gathered in ejaculatory duct

A

Emission

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89
Q

Semen is expelled through the urethra

A

Expulsion

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90
Q

Semen is expelled into the bladder

A

Retrograde ejacualtion

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91
Q

What is the average penis size?

A

Across studies, average erect penis just over 5 inches

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92
Q

Penile augmentation

A

Phalloplasty

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93
Q

Removal of foreskin or prepuce

A

Circumcision

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94
Q

Urethra does not reach full length of penis - mild or severe

A

Hypospadias

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95
Q

Condition when penis curves downward during erection - painful

96
Q

Curvature of penis cause by growth of fibrous scar tissue

A

Peyronie’s disease

97
Q

How can one get Peyronie’s disease?

A
  • Hazards of sexual gadgets
  • fractures during coitus
98
Q

Tight, non-retractable foreskin

99
Q

A disorder in which the penis maintains a prolonged, rigid erection in the absence of appropriate stimulation

100
Q

Dilated vein in the spermatic cord like varicose vein

A

Varicocele

101
Q

Inflammation of prostate gland, usually due to bacteria entering through urethra

A

Prostatitis

102
Q

How do you treat varicocele?

A

Anti-inflammatory medications

103
Q

How do you treat prostatitis?

A

Antibiotics

104
Q

Enlargement of the prostate

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

105
Q

How do you treat Benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A
  • Medications
  • Microwave therapy
106
Q

What are the risk factors of penile cancer?

A
  • Over age 60
  • Multiple sex partners
  • Chronic irritation due to smegma accumulation
  • STIs
  • Poor genital hygiene
  • Tobacco use
107
Q

External genitals that incluides the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibular bulbs, vestibule, Bartholin’s glands, Skene’s glands, urethra, and vaginal opening (introitus)

108
Q

Secretion of waxy substance that helps to waterproof vulva & repel urine, menstrual blood and bacteria

109
Q

External oogenic structures

110
Q

Fleshy mound on top of pubic bone usually covered with pubic hair

A

Mons Veneris (Mons pubis)

111
Q

Outer lips

A

Labia majora

112
Q

Inner lips are attached to hood of clitoris

A

Labia minora

113
Q

The only function is pleasure

114
Q

What does the clitoral complex include?

A
  • Entire clitoris with inner most tips of cavernous bodies that connect to pelvic bone
  • Clitoral hood
  • Urethral sponge “Skene’s gland”
  • Perineal sponge
115
Q

Homologous to Cowper’s gland

A

Bartholin’s glands

116
Q

Entire clitoral complex contributes with back of clitoris adjacent to vagina and spongy tissue that surrounds the urethra

A

Grafenberg spot (G spot)

117
Q

Cavity between labia minora

118
Q

What is the vestibule?

A
  • Rich in blood vessels and nerve endings - sensitive to touch
  • Urethral opening
  • Introitus (vaginal opening)
119
Q

Tissue partially covering vaginal opening

120
Q

What is the hymen?

A

Protects vaginal tissues in early in life but no other function

121
Q

What are some kegel exercises?

A
  • Locate muscles by stopping flow urine
  • Insert finger into vagina and contract muscles
  • Squeeze muscles for 10 seconds w/o finger and then relax. Repeat.
  • Squeeze and release rapidly 10-25 times. Repeat.
122
Q

Where are the most common sites for vulvar piercings?

A
  • Clitoral hood
  • Labia minora or majora
123
Q

Includes procedures that intentionally alter or cause injury to the female genital structures

A

Female genital mutilation (FGM) or female circumcision

124
Q

Stretchable canal that opens at the vulva

125
Q

What are the three layers of the vagina?

A
  • Muscle
  • Fibrous
  • Mucous
126
Q

What is the mucous layer?

A
  • Layer felt upon tactile inspection
  • Folded walls or rugae, resemble inside one’s mouth
  • Walls produce secretion that maintains chemical balance and lubrication substance during sexual arousal
127
Q

Small end of the uterus, located at the back of the vagina

128
Q

Pear-shaped organ inside the pelvis, within which the fetus develops

129
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A
  • Perimetrium
  • Myometrium
  • Endometrium
130
Q

External thin membrane

A

Perimetrium

131
Q

Middle muscular layer

A

Myometrium

132
Q

Inner layer rich with blood vessels, nourishes zygote

A

Endometrium

133
Q

What do sperm and egg travel through?

A

Two 4-inch tubes extending from the sides of the uterus

134
Q

Outer funnel shaped part of tube with fringe

135
Q

Are hair like cells that move egg along with contractions of fallopian tubes

136
Q

When does fertilization occur?

A

When the egg is still close to the ovary (a portion of the fallopian tube called ampulla)

137
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A
  • When a zygote implants outside the uterus
  • Embryo develops in the fallopian tubes and can induce rupturing
138
Q

Gonads that produce ova (singular ovum)

139
Q

Regulate menstrual cycle and development of secondary sex characteristics

140
Q

Regulate menstrual cycle and maturity of uterine lining of pregnancy

A

Pregestational compounds

141
Q

Is the development of a mature ovum from initial oogonia

142
Q

The process of cell division by which reproductive cells, ova and sperm are formed

143
Q

Onset of first menstrual flow

A

Menarche (i.e. the first period)

144
Q

What plays a role in triggering menstruation?

A

When sufficient adipose (fat) tissue accumulates, hormonal queues (like leptin)

145
Q

Is the flow of blood, endometrial tissue, and mucus as a result of shedding the uterine lining (endometrium)

A

Menstruation

146
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Every month(ish) from puberty to menopause body
    prepares for pregnancy
  • Endometrium lining of uterus thickens to accommodate implantation of young embryo
  • If ovum not fertilized, the endometrium is shed in menstruation
  • Discharge is the flow that lasts from 2 to 6 days
  • Cycle measured from first day of flow to the first day of your next flow (spotting doesn’t count).
147
Q

Some experience twinge, or pressure in lower abdomen on one side or other

A

Mittelschmerz (middle pain)

148
Q

What is Mittelschmerz (middle pain) caused by?

A

Caused by swelling & bursting of follicle or by little fluid or blood from ruptured follicle irritating sensitive abdominal lining

149
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Long range chemical signal that travels through the blood & affects any cells which express proper receptor

150
Q

What does estrogen do?

A
  • Affect secondary sexual characteristics and regulate menstrual cycle
  • Produced in ovaries, placenta, live, & adipose tissues
151
Q

What does progesterone do?

A
  • Prepares for and maintains pregnancy
  • Secreted by ovaries from the corpus luteum
152
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

Affects growth, repair and maintenance of reproductive tissues

153
Q

How long does a menstrual cycle last?

154
Q

What happens during the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Uterus sheds thickened inner layer of the endometrium discharged through cervix and vagina as menstrual flow.
  • Shedding of endometrium triggered by reduced progesterone & estrogen levels in bloodstream
  • As these hormone levels fall, hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release FSH. Initiating proliferative, phase of the menstrual cycle.
155
Q

How longs is the proliferation cycle?

A

~days 6-14

156
Q

What is the proliferation cycle?

A
  • Pituitary gland increases production of FSH, stimulating developing follicles to mature & to produce several types of estrogen.
  • Estrogen then causes endometrium to thicken.
  • Although several follicles begin to mature, usually only one reaches maturity; others degenerate.
  • When level of ovarian estrogen circulating in the bloodstream reaches a peak, pituitary gland increases the release of FSH and stimulates LH production.
  • In response to spike of LH secreted by pituitary gland, mature follicle ruptures and the ovum is released, a process called ovulation.
157
Q

How long does the secretory cycle last?

A

~days 15-26

158
Q

General term - bloating, swelling breasts and pain

A

Premenstrual syndrome - PMS

159
Q

Severe symptoms preventing normal functioning - SSRIs or selective serotonin reputable inhibitors alleviate issues

A

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder PMDD

160
Q

Painful menses caused by overproduction of prostaglandins

A

Primary Dysmenorrhea

161
Q

Constant and often spasmodic lower abdominal pain extending to back and thighs not due to overproduction of prostaglandins

A

Secondary dysmenorrhea

162
Q

Chronic infection of reproductive organs

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease

163
Q

Endometrial like tissue implants in abdominal cavity responding to hormonal changes in cycle - affects up to 10% of people with a uterus - painful menstruation, lower back, painful Inter Ouse

A

Endometriosis

164
Q

No menses

A

Amenorrhea

165
Q

Failure to begin menstruating at puberty

A

Primary amenorrhea

166
Q

What are the possible causes of primary amenorrhea?

A

Problems with reproductive organs, poor health, hormonal imbalance, imperforate hymen

167
Q

Disruption of established menstrual cycle

A

Secondary amenorrhea

168
Q

What causes secondary amenorrhea?

A
  • Athletes due to decrease in estrogen
  • Anorexia nervosa
  • Planned can be desirable at times - BC pills such as Seasonale
169
Q

What are some self-help improvements to help with unpleasant symptoms before and during menstruation?

A
  • Moderate to vigorous exercise throughout the month
  • Increasing fluid and fiber helps with constipation that can occur during menstruation
  • Decrease salt and high salt foods to help reduce swelling and bloating.
  • Oral contraceptives usually decrease cramps and amount of flow – some take the pill for this purpose.
170
Q

Physiological changes during transition period of fertility to infertility (all humans go through this between ages 40-65)

A

Climacteric

171
Q

What happens during climacteric?

A
  • Ovaries begin to lose capacity to respond to FSH and LH
  • Fewer eggs develop and production of estrogen and progesterone gradually diminish
  • Testosterone levels decrease too
172
Q

Time before menopause

A

Perimenopause

173
Q

Cessation of menstruation

174
Q

Defining event in some peoples lives

175
Q

Is time of life when the menstrual cycles cease

176
Q

What are some factors that affect age of menopause?

A

Genetics, cigarette smoking, poor nutrition, and certain diseases, such as diabetes and, autoimmune disorders

177
Q

What are menopausal symptoms that occur in 2 years before and 2 years following last period?

A
  • Changes in body shape due to decreased hormones (particularly estrogen)
  • Night sweats and hot flashes most common
  • Bone loss (osteoporosis), dry skin &increases risk for cardiovascular disease
  • Thinning of vaginal walls & less lubrication as due to decline in estrogen can make coitus more uncomfortable or painful. Remedied by lubricants
  • Depression, anxiety, forgetfulness, irritability, or mood swings
178
Q

What is the primary function of the breasts?

A

Primary faction is to produce milk or lactation, but also for pleasure

179
Q

Central pigmented area, numerous nerve endings and milk ducts; sensitive

180
Q

Darker circular area surrounding nipple

181
Q

The anatomy of the breast

A
  • Containsskin,fat, connective tissue, and mammary glands
  • Milk is produced in mammary glands or lobes and travels to nipple through ducts
  • Glandular tissue, responds to hormones, different phases of menstrual cycle
182
Q

Breast Size

A
  • Changes over course of lifetime, during pregnancy, and during menstruation and ovulation
  • Size is due to amount of fatty tissue(adipose tissue)
  • Usually, one is larger than other
183
Q

What are the three breast lumps?

A
  • Cysts
  • Fibroadenomas
  • Malignant
184
Q

Fluid-filled sacs - usually benign (not cancerous)

185
Q

Solid, round, benign tumors

A

Fibroadenomas

186
Q

Cancerous tumors - cancerous cells can spread and produce tumors else where in body (metastasize)

187
Q

Highly sensitive X-ray screening test using low levels radiation to help detect cancerous breast cells and lumps detecting lumps up to several years before it can be felt

A

Mammography

188
Q

Who develops breast cancer?

189
Q

What are some treatments for breast cancer?

A
  • Lumpectomy
  • Mastectomy
  • Chemotherapy and radiation therapy
  • Reconstructive surgery
190
Q

Removal of lump

A

Lumpectomy

191
Q

Surgical removal of breast

A

Mastectomy

192
Q

Test involves vaginal walls being held open with speculum and removal of few cells from transition zone of cervix where long, column-shaped cells (columnar cells) meet flat-shaped cells (squamous cells)

193
Q

Surgical removal of the uterus

A

Hysterectomy

194
Q

Surgical removal of the ovaries

A

Oophorectomy

195
Q

Characteristics associated with being male, female or intersex - often and more correctly referred as “sex assigned at birth”

A

Biological Sex

196
Q

What are the two aspects of biological sex?

A
  • Genetic sex determined by chromosomes
  • Anatomical sex due to physical differences
197
Q

(Man/woman) social construct

198
Q

Psychological gender perception or one’s individual subjective sense of being a man or woman or a diversity of other identities

A

Gender Identity

199
Q

Biological sex and gender identity aligned

200
Q

Collection of attitudes and behaviors that a specific culture considers typical and appropriate for people of a biological sex

A

Gender Role

201
Q

The way we outwardly express our gender identity as masculine and/or feminine and/or neither

A

Gender expression

202
Q

Who you are romantically or sexually attracted to is separate from sex and gender

A

Sexual orientation

203
Q

What makes someone male or female?

A
  • Genitalia
  • Chromosomes
204
Q

Is one’s individual subjective sense of being

A

Gender identity

205
Q

How does gender-identity form?

A

From moment of conception many biological factors contribute to the differentiation of sex

206
Q

How does sex determination normally follow in a sequence?

A
  • Chromosomal differences between male and female
  • Development of gonads
  • Production of hormones
  • Development of internal and external reproductive structures and finally the brain
207
Q

Becomes Fallopian tubes, uterus, and inner third of vagina

208
Q

Becomes Vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory ducts

209
Q

Clitoris or penis

A

Genital tubercle

210
Q

Are paired structures in the human embryo that represent the final stage of development of the caudal end of the external genitals before sexual differentiation

A

Labioscrotal swelling

211
Q

Outer layer of - higher mental processes such as memory, perception, thinking

A

Cerebral cortex

212
Q

The right and left sides of the brains

A

Cerebral hemispheres

213
Q

Language, math, logic and more

A

Left stronger

214
Q

Spatial relations, pattern recognition and more

215
Q

Degree by which particular function controlled by one or both hemispheres

A

Lateralization

216
Q

Broad band of millions of connecting nerve fibers between hemisphres

A

Corpus Callosum

217
Q

Is the common term for individual who have biological aspects of both sexes

218
Q

What are two sex chromosomes disorders?

A
  • Turner’s Syndrome (XO)
  • Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY)
219
Q

Individuals born with 1 or more extra sex chromosomes or missing one

A

Sex chromosome variations

220
Q

What is the Turner’s syndrome?

A
  • 45 instead of 46 chromosomes
  • Adults usually very short and increased risk of death due to cardiovascular disease
221
Q

Males tend to be tall with some feminine physical characteristics

A

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

222
Q

Body cells of a chromosomally typical male fetus are insensitive to androgens

A

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

223
Q

Rare atypical genetically induced malfunction of adrenal glands

A

Fetally androgenized females

224
Q

Biological determinants

225
Q

Social learning and the environment

226
Q

Category for males and females whose biological sex matches their gender identity

227
Q

Sex does not match gender identity

A

Transgender

228
Q

Rejection of societal gender norms and association

A

Non binary

229
Q

Individual often identify as male and female at different times

A

Gender-fluid and bi-gender

230
Q

Flexibility and adaptability with a combinations of both male and female traits in one individual

A

Pangender and androgynous

231
Q

Those uncertain where they identify relative to gender

A

Gender questioning

232
Q

A gender nonconforming person whose gender identity is neither male nor female, is between or beyond gender, or is some combination of genders

A

Genderqueer

233
Q

People who don’t identify with any gender categories

A

Agender or gender neutral

234
Q

Clinical term describing distress about incongruente between one’s gender identity and sex one was assigned at birth

A

Gender dysphoria

235
Q

Steps taken; from clothing, hormones or surgical alternations of their bodies to match their appearance to their gender identity

A

Transitioning

236
Q

Is a one who is born female but see themselves as partly to fully masculine

A

FTM or Transman

237
Q

One is born male but see themselves as partly to fully feminine

A

MTF or transwoman

BIO30 (2 decks)

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