EXAM 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Between the legs
A
Sex
2
Q
Between the ears
A
Gender
3
Q
What is gender?
A
Is based on one’s gender identity which is how one feels inside and may not match one’s sex
4
Q
Knowing your attitudes, beliefs, behaviors and values and their origins
A
Self understanding about sexuality
5
Q
Being able to talk about sexual pleasure and health and set own limits
A
Having interpersonal sexual skills
6
Q
Norms and what P & E factors determines choices we may or may not be able to make
A
Having consideration of the cultural and political contexts surrounding sex
7
Q
What are the four components of sexual intelligence that affect our own personal sexuality?
A
- Self understanding about sexuality
- Having interpersonal sexual skills
- Having accurate scientific knowledge
- Having consideration of the cultural and political contexts surrounding sex
8
Q
Influences sexual functioning, sex drive, behavior and development of reproductive organs
A
Estrogen and testosterone
9
Q
Involved in parental behavior, infatuation, lactation
A
Oxytocin
10
Q
A term for people whose gender identity matches the sex that they were assigned at birth - doesn’t always happen
A
Cisgender
11
Q
The study of sexuality
A
Sexology
12
Q
Group of individuals being studied
A
Population
13
Q
Subset of individuals in population
A
Sample
14
Q
Randomly chosen subset of a population
A
Random sample
15
Q
Limited sample that provides an accurate representation of the larger target population
A
Representative sample
16
Q
Selected based on convenience and accessibility i.e. students in a class
A
Convenience sample
17
Q
Tendency for those who volunteer for research to be different in some way from those that refuse
A
Volunteer bias
18
Q
Tendency for some members of population to be over-represented and others to be excluded
A
Demographic bias
19
Q
Examines a small group of people in depth
A
Qualitative Study
20
Q
Data gathered from relatively large groups of people by means of questionnaires or interviews
A
Survey
21
Q
Researchers observe and record responses of participants
A
Direct Observations
22
Q
Researcher manipulates a set of conditions, or variables, and observes the effect of this manipulation on participants’ behavior
A
Experimental method
23
Q
What are the advantages of qualitative studies?
A
- In-depth explorations
- Good for understanding context and lived experiences
24
Q
What are the disadvantages of qualitative studies?
A
- Hard to generalize results
- Not suitable for many research questions
- Possibility of bias in reporting
25
Refusal to participate in a study
Non-response
26
Sampling bias in which certain segments of society are disproportionately represented
Demographic bias
27
Respondents view questions on computer screen and enter answers with labeled keys
Vídeo CASI
28
Respondents listen to questions through headphones
Audio CASI
29
What is a penile plethysmograph?
- Looped around base of penis
- Measures changes in blood flow to penis - increase in circumference
30
What is a vaginal photoplethysmograph?
- Light sources and detector
- Inserted into the vagina similar to tampon
- Measures increased vaginal blood volume due to arousal via amount light back scattered to device
31
Measure muscular activity in pelvic area
Vaginal and rectal myographs
32
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an imaging tool that creates detailed, cross-sectional pictures of the inside of the body using radio frequency waves, powerful magnets and a computer
Functional MRI
33
Volunteers randomly assigned to one or two or more groups, experimental group(s) and control group
Single blind or double-blind studies
34
Anything that can vary or change
Variable
35
Is exposed to some variable
Experimental group
36
Not exposed to some variable
Control group
37
Inactive substance that resembles treatment you are testing
Placebo
38
Variable that is manipulated - determined by researcher (possible cause)
Independent variable
39
What is measured by researcher (effect)
Dependent variable
40
Being derived from the same tissue and same stem cells
Homology
41
Haploid cell capable of reproduction by fusing with another haploid gamete
Gamete
42
Gamete produced by testers in a process called spermatogenesis
Sperm
43
Gamete produced by the ovaries in a process called oogenesis
Ova
44
Internally made up of nerves, blood vessels, and cylinders of erectile tissue and urethra
Penis
45
Pouch of skin that holds the testicles
Scrotum
46
What are the primary functions of the penis?
- Serves as conduit for urine to leave the body
- Serves as conduit for semen (contains sperm) to leave the body
- Sexual pleasure
47
Head of the penis
Glans
48
Body of the penis
Shaft
49
Base of the penis
Root
50
What are the glans made up of?
- Corona
- Meatus
- Frenulum
- Foreskin (prepuce) (smegma & circumcision)
51
What is the crura?
- Covered by muscle & attached to pubic bone
- Muscles help control urination & ejaculation
52
May get stronger orgasms & ejaculatory control
Kegel
53
Smooth muscle and connective tissue raising and lowering testicles when warm or cold
Tunica dartos
54
Sensitive area between genitals and anus
Perineum
55
May act as cushion during sexual contact and traps scents that are attractive
Pubic hair
56
Shaving or trimming pubic hair is a common ritual
Manscaping
57
Internal and external
The penis
58
What are the testes (gonads)?
- Main functions are to produce
- Suspended by spermatic cord
59
Three parts of the ejaculatory pathway?
- Epididymis
- Vas deferents
- Ejaculatory ducts
60
2 inches long, behind bladder make 2/3 volume of semen, alkaline, fructose, & vitamins
Seminal vesicles
61
Doughnut shaped & walnut sized
Prostate gland
62
Where sperm area produced
Seminiferous tubules
63
What are the Sertoli cells?
- Nurture and facilitate spermatogenesis or the process of making sperm
- Also secretes anti-mullerian hormone involved in prenatal sexual differentiation
64
Primordial germ cell that goes through meiosis to produce mature sperm cells
Spermatongia
65
Cells within connective tissue spaces between tubules that synthesize and secrete testosterone and other androgens
Interstitial cells of Leydig
66
Acrosome contains enzymes
Head
67
Mitochondria provides energy need by tail
Body
68
Is a flagellum
Tail
69
What do sperms carry?
Chromosomes
70
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46
71
How many chromosomes do ova and the sperm contain?
23
72
Not sex chromosomes
Autosomes
73
Induces information of spermatogenic structures
XY
74
Induces formations of oogenic structures
XX
75
How many gametes are produced at a time with spermatogenesis?
Hundreds of millions of sperm
76
How many gametes are produced at a time with oogenesis?
One egg
77
What is the time for gamete formation in spermatogenesis?
Sperm produced every 100 days, from puberty onward
78
What is the time for gamete formation in oogenesis?
8-20 weeks
79
What is the number of functional games form one stem cell in spermatogensis?
4
80
What is the number of functional gametes from one stem cell in oogenesis?
1
81
What is the size of sperm?
Smallest cells in the body
82
What is the size of the egg?
One of the largest cells in the body
83
Sperm production
Spermatogenesis
84
What is the role of sterilize cells and androgen binding protein (ABP)?
Helps concentrate androgens around sperm so T can better influence sperm development
85
What is semen?
A heterogeneous ejaculate
86
Made up of smooth muscle fibers, connective tissue, small tubes, and clusters of glands that produce a clear fluid
Prostate
87
Which cells in the seminiferous tubules nurture & facilitate spermatogenesis?
Steroli cells
88
Semen gathered in ejaculatory duct
Emission
89
Semen is expelled through the urethra
Expulsion
90
Semen is expelled into the bladder
Retrograde ejacualtion
91
What is the average penis size?
Across studies, average erect penis just over 5 inches
92
Penile augmentation
Phalloplasty
93
Removal of foreskin or prepuce
Circumcision
94
Urethra does not reach full length of penis - mild or severe
Hypospadias
95
Condition when penis curves downward during erection - painful
Chordee
96
Curvature of penis cause by growth of fibrous scar tissue
Peyronie’s disease
97
How can one get Peyronie’s disease?
- Hazards of sexual gadgets
- fractures during coitus
98
Tight, non-retractable foreskin
Phimosis
99
A disorder in which the penis maintains a prolonged, rigid erection in the absence of appropriate stimulation
Priapism
100
Dilated vein in the spermatic cord like varicose vein
Varicocele
101
Inflammation of prostate gland, usually due to bacteria entering through urethra
Prostatitis
102
How do you treat varicocele?
Anti-inflammatory medications
103
How do you treat prostatitis?
Antibiotics
104
Enlargement of the prostate
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
105
How do you treat Benign prostatic hyperplasia?
- Medications
- Microwave therapy
106
What are the risk factors of penile cancer?
- Over age 60
- Multiple sex partners
- Chronic irritation due to smegma accumulation
- STIs
- Poor genital hygiene
- Tobacco use
107
External genitals that incluides the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibular bulbs, vestibule, Bartholin's glands, Skene's glands, urethra, and vaginal opening (introitus)
Vulva
108
Secretion of waxy substance that helps to waterproof vulva & repel urine, menstrual blood and bacteria
Sebum
109
External oogenic structures
Vulva
110
Fleshy mound on top of pubic bone usually covered with pubic hair
Mons Veneris (Mons pubis)
111
Outer lips
Labia majora
112
Inner lips are attached to hood of clitoris
Labia minora
113
The only function is pleasure
Clitoris
114
What does the clitoral complex include?
- Entire clitoris with inner most tips of cavernous bodies that connect to pelvic bone
- Clitoral hood
- Urethral sponge "Skene's gland"
- Perineal sponge
115
Homologous to Cowper's gland
Bartholin's glands
116
Entire clitoral complex contributes with back of clitoris adjacent to vagina and spongy tissue that surrounds the urethra
Grafenberg spot (G spot)
117
Cavity between labia minora
Vestibule
118
What is the vestibule?
- Rich in blood vessels and nerve endings - sensitive to touch
- Urethral opening
- Introitus (vaginal opening)
119
Tissue partially covering vaginal opening
Hymen
120
What is the hymen?
Protects vaginal tissues in early in life but no other function
121
What are some kegel exercises?
- Locate muscles by stopping flow urine
- Insert finger into vagina and contract muscles
- Squeeze muscles for 10 seconds w/o finger and then relax. Repeat.
- Squeeze and release rapidly 10-25 times. Repeat.
122
Where are the most common sites for vulvar piercings?
- Clitoral hood
- Labia minora or majora
123
Includes procedures that intentionally alter or cause injury to the female genital structures
Female genital mutilation (FGM) or female circumcision
124
Stretchable canal that opens at the vulva
Vagina
125
What are the three layers of the vagina?
- Muscle
- Fibrous
- Mucous
126
What is the mucous layer?
- Layer felt upon tactile inspection
- Folded walls or rugae, resemble inside one's mouth
- Walls produce secretion that maintains chemical balance and lubrication substance during sexual arousal
127
Small end of the uterus, located at the back of the vagina
Cervix
128
Pear-shaped organ inside the pelvis, within which the fetus develops
Uterus
129
What are the three layers of the uterus?
- Perimetrium
- Myometrium
- Endometrium
130
External thin membrane
Perimetrium
131
Middle muscular layer
Myometrium
132
Inner layer rich with blood vessels, nourishes zygote
Endometrium
133
What do sperm and egg travel through?
Two 4-inch tubes extending from the sides of the uterus
134
Outer funnel shaped part of tube with fringe
Fimbriae
135
Are hair like cells that move egg along with contractions of fallopian tubes
Cilia
136
When does fertilization occur?
When the egg is still close to the ovary (a portion of the fallopian tube called ampulla)
137
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
- When a zygote implants outside the uterus
- Embryo develops in the fallopian tubes and can induce rupturing
138
Gonads that produce ova (singular ovum)
Ovaries
139
Regulate menstrual cycle and development of secondary sex characteristics
Estrogen
140
Regulate menstrual cycle and maturity of uterine lining of pregnancy
Pregestational compounds
141
Is the development of a mature ovum from initial oogonia
Oogenesis
142
The process of cell division by which reproductive cells, ova and sperm are formed
Meiosis
143
Onset of first menstrual flow
Menarche (i.e. the first period)
144
What plays a role in triggering menstruation?
When sufficient adipose (fat) tissue accumulates, hormonal queues (like leptin)
145
Is the flow of blood, endometrial tissue, and mucus as a result of shedding the uterine lining (endometrium)
Menstruation
146
What is the menstrual cycle?
- Every month(ish) from puberty to menopause body
prepares for pregnancy
- Endometrium lining of uterus thickens to accommodate implantation of young embryo
- If ovum not fertilized, the endometrium is shed in menstruation
- Discharge is the flow that lasts from 2 to 6 days
- Cycle measured from first day of flow to the first day of your next flow (spotting doesn’t count).
147
Some experience twinge, or pressure in lower abdomen on one side or other
Mittelschmerz (middle pain)
148
What is Mittelschmerz (middle pain) caused by?
Caused by swelling & bursting of follicle or by little fluid or blood from ruptured follicle irritating sensitive abdominal lining
149
What is a hormone?
Long range chemical signal that travels through the blood & affects any cells which express proper receptor
150
What does estrogen do?
- Affect secondary sexual characteristics and regulate menstrual cycle
- Produced in ovaries, placenta, live, & adipose tissues
151
What does progesterone do?
- Prepares for and maintains pregnancy
- Secreted by ovaries from the corpus luteum
152
What does testosterone do?
Affects growth, repair and maintenance of reproductive tissues
153
How long does a menstrual cycle last?
~days 1-5
154
What happens during the menstrual cycle?
- Uterus sheds thickened inner layer of the endometrium discharged through cervix and vagina as menstrual flow.
- Shedding of endometrium triggered by reduced progesterone & estrogen levels in bloodstream
- As these hormone levels fall, hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release FSH. Initiating proliferative, phase of the menstrual cycle.
155
How longs is the proliferation cycle?
~days 6-14
156
What is the proliferation cycle?
- Pituitary gland increases production of FSH, stimulating developing follicles to mature & to produce several types of estrogen.
- Estrogen then causes endometrium to thicken.
- Although several follicles begin to mature, usually only one reaches maturity; others degenerate.
- When level of ovarian estrogen circulating in the bloodstream reaches a peak, pituitary gland increases the release of FSH and stimulates LH production.
- In response to spike of LH secreted by pituitary gland, mature follicle ruptures and the ovum is released, a process called ovulation.
157
How long does the secretory cycle last?
~days 15-26
158
General term - bloating, swelling breasts and pain
Premenstrual syndrome - PMS
159
Severe symptoms preventing normal functioning - SSRIs or selective serotonin reputable inhibitors alleviate issues
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder PMDD
160
Painful menses caused by overproduction of prostaglandins
Primary Dysmenorrhea
161
Constant and often spasmodic lower abdominal pain extending to back and thighs not due to overproduction of prostaglandins
Secondary dysmenorrhea
162
Chronic infection of reproductive organs
Pelvic inflammatory disease
163
Endometrial like tissue implants in abdominal cavity responding to hormonal changes in cycle - affects up to 10% of people with a uterus - painful menstruation, lower back, painful Inter Ouse
Endometriosis
164
No menses
Amenorrhea
165
Failure to begin menstruating at puberty
Primary amenorrhea
166
What are the possible causes of primary amenorrhea?
Problems with reproductive organs, poor health, hormonal imbalance, imperforate hymen
167
Disruption of established menstrual cycle
Secondary amenorrhea
168
What causes secondary amenorrhea?
- Athletes due to decrease in estrogen
- Anorexia nervosa
- Planned can be desirable at times - BC pills such as Seasonale
169
What are some self-help improvements to help with unpleasant symptoms before and during menstruation?
- Moderate to vigorous exercise throughout the month
- Increasing fluid and fiber helps with constipation that can occur during menstruation
- Decrease salt and high salt foods to help reduce swelling and bloating.
- Oral contraceptives usually decrease cramps and amount of flow – some take the pill for this purpose.
170
Physiological changes during transition period of fertility to infertility (all humans go through this between ages 40-65)
Climacteric
171
What happens during climacteric?
- Ovaries begin to lose capacity to respond to FSH and LH
- Fewer eggs develop and production of estrogen and progesterone gradually diminish
- Testosterone levels decrease too
172
Time before menopause
Perimenopause
173
Cessation of menstruation
Menopause
174
Defining event in some peoples lives
Menopause
175
Is time of life when the menstrual cycles cease
Menopause
176
What are some factors that affect age of menopause?
Genetics, cigarette smoking, poor nutrition, and certain diseases, such as diabetes and, autoimmune disorders
177
What are menopausal symptoms that occur in 2 years before and 2 years following last period?
- Changes in body shape due to decreased hormones (particularly estrogen)
- Night sweats and hot flashes most common
- Bone loss (osteoporosis), dry skin &increases risk for cardiovascular disease
- Thinning of vaginal walls & less lubrication as due to decline in estrogen can make coitus more uncomfortable or painful. Remedied by lubricants
- Depression, anxiety, forgetfulness, irritability, or mood swings
178
What is the primary function of the breasts?
Primary faction is to produce milk or lactation, but also for pleasure
179
Central pigmented area, numerous nerve endings and milk ducts; sensitive
Nipple
180
Darker circular area surrounding nipple
Areola
181
The anatomy of the breast
- Containsskin,fat, connective tissue, and mammary glands
- Milk is produced in mammary glands or lobes and travels to nipple through ducts
- Glandular tissue, responds to hormones, different phases of menstrual cycle
182
Breast Size
- Changes over course of lifetime, during pregnancy, and during menstruation and ovulation
- Size is due to amount of fatty tissue(adipose tissue)
- Usually, one is larger than other
183
What are the three breast lumps?
- Cysts
- Fibroadenomas
- Malignant
184
Fluid-filled sacs - usually benign (not cancerous)
Cysts
185
Solid, round, benign tumors
Fibroadenomas
186
Cancerous tumors - cancerous cells can spread and produce tumors else where in body (metastasize)
Malignant
187
Highly sensitive X-ray screening test using low levels radiation to help detect cancerous breast cells and lumps detecting lumps up to several years before it can be felt
Mammography
188
Who develops breast cancer?
1 in 8
189
What are some treatments for breast cancer?
- Lumpectomy
- Mastectomy
- Chemotherapy and radiation therapy
- Reconstructive surgery
190
Removal of lump
Lumpectomy
191
Surgical removal of breast
Mastectomy
192
Test involves vaginal walls being held open with speculum and removal of few cells from transition zone of cervix where long, column-shaped cells (columnar cells) meet flat-shaped cells (squamous cells)
Pap Smear
193
Surgical removal of the uterus
Hysterectomy
194
Surgical removal of the ovaries
Oophorectomy
195
Characteristics associated with being male, female or intersex - often and more correctly referred as “sex assigned at birth”
Biological Sex
196
What are the two aspects of biological sex?
- Genetic sex determined by chromosomes
- Anatomical sex due to physical differences
197
(Man/woman) social construct
Gender
198
Psychological gender perception or one’s individual subjective sense of being a man or woman or a diversity of other identities
Gender Identity
199
Biological sex and gender identity aligned
Cisgender
200
Collection of attitudes and behaviors that a specific culture considers typical and appropriate for people of a biological sex
Gender Role
201
The way we outwardly express our gender identity as masculine and/or feminine and/or neither
Gender expression
202
Who you are romantically or sexually attracted to is separate from sex and gender
Sexual orientation
203
What makes someone male or female?
- Genitalia
- Chromosomes
204
Is one's individual subjective sense of being
Gender identity
205
How does gender-identity form?
From moment of conception many biological factors contribute to the differentiation of sex
206
How does sex determination normally follow in a sequence?
- Chromosomal differences between male and female
- Development of gonads
- Production of hormones
- Development of internal and external reproductive structures and finally the brain
207
Becomes Fallopian tubes, uterus, and inner third of vagina
Mullerian
208
Becomes Vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory ducts
Wolffian
209
Clitoris or penis
Genital tubercle
210
Are paired structures in the human embryo that represent the final stage of development of the caudal end of the external genitals before sexual differentiation
Labioscrotal swelling
211
Outer layer of - higher mental processes such as memory, perception, thinking
Cerebral cortex
212
The right and left sides of the brains
Cerebral hemispheres
213
Language, math, logic and more
Left stronger
214
Spatial relations, pattern recognition and more
Right
215
Degree by which particular function controlled by one or both hemispheres
Lateralization
216
Broad band of millions of connecting nerve fibers between hemisphres
Corpus Callosum
217
Is the common term for individual who have biological aspects of both sexes
Intersex
218
What are two sex chromosomes disorders?
- Turner’s Syndrome (XO)
- Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY)
219
Individuals born with 1 or more extra sex chromosomes or missing one
Sex chromosome variations
220
What is the Turner’s syndrome?
- 45 instead of 46 chromosomes
- Adults usually very short and increased risk of death due to cardiovascular disease
221
Males tend to be tall with some feminine physical characteristics
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
222
Body cells of a chromosomally typical male fetus are insensitive to androgens
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
223
Rare atypical genetically induced malfunction of adrenal glands
Fetally androgenized females
224
Biological determinants
Nature
225
Social learning and the environment
Nurture
226
Category for males and females whose biological sex matches their gender identity
Cisgender
227
Sex does not match gender identity
Transgender
228
Rejection of societal gender norms and association
Non binary
229
Individual often identify as male and female at different times
Gender-fluid and bi-gender
230
Flexibility and adaptability with a combinations of both male and female traits in one individual
Pangender and androgynous
231
Those uncertain where they identify relative to gender
Gender questioning
232
A gender nonconforming person whose gender identity is neither male nor female, is between or beyond gender, or is some combination of genders
Genderqueer
233
People who don’t identify with any gender categories
Agender or gender neutral
234
Clinical term describing distress about incongruente between one’s gender identity and sex one was assigned at birth
Gender dysphoria
235
Steps taken; from clothing, hormones or surgical alternations of their bodies to match their appearance to their gender identity
Transitioning
236
Is a one who is born female but see themselves as partly to fully masculine
FTM or Transman
237
One is born male but see themselves as partly to fully feminine
MTF or transwoman
